Merge branch 'master' of github.com:MongoEngine/mongoengine into fix_complex_datetime_field_invalid_string_set

mongoengine/base/datastructures.py

@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 import weakref
 
 from bson import DBRef
-import six
-from six import iteritems
 
 from mongoengine.common import _import_class
 from mongoengine.errors import DoesNotExist, MultipleObjectsReturned
@@ -53,7 +51,7 @@ class BaseDict(dict):
         if isinstance(instance, BaseDocument):
             self._instance = weakref.proxy(instance)
         self._name = name
-        super(BaseDict, self).__init__(dict_items)
+        super().__init__(dict_items)
 
     def get(self, key, default=None):
         # get does not use __getitem__ by default so we must override it as well
@@ -63,18 +61,18 @@ class BaseDict(dict):
             return default
 
     def __getitem__(self, key):
-        value = super(BaseDict, self).__getitem__(key)
+        value = super().__getitem__(key)
 
         EmbeddedDocument = _import_class("EmbeddedDocument")
         if isinstance(value, EmbeddedDocument) and value._instance is None:
             value._instance = self._instance
         elif isinstance(value, dict) and not isinstance(value, BaseDict):
-            value = BaseDict(value, None, "%s.%s" % (self._name, key))
-            super(BaseDict, self).__setitem__(key, value)
+            value = BaseDict(value, None, "{}.{}".format(self._name, key))
+            super().__setitem__(key, value)
             value._instance = self._instance
         elif isinstance(value, list) and not isinstance(value, BaseList):
-            value = BaseList(value, None, "%s.%s" % (self._name, key))
-            super(BaseDict, self).__setitem__(key, value)
+            value = BaseList(value, None, "{}.{}".format(self._name, key))
+            super().__setitem__(key, value)
             value._instance = self._instance
         return value
 
@@ -99,7 +97,7 @@ class BaseDict(dict):
     def _mark_as_changed(self, key=None):
         if hasattr(self._instance, "_mark_as_changed"):
             if key:
-                self._instance._mark_as_changed("%s.%s" % (self._name, key))
+                self._instance._mark_as_changed("{}.{}".format(self._name, key))
             else:
                 self._instance._mark_as_changed(self._name)
 
@@ -117,13 +115,13 @@ class BaseList(list):
         if isinstance(instance, BaseDocument):
             self._instance = weakref.proxy(instance)
         self._name = name
-        super(BaseList, self).__init__(list_items)
+        super().__init__(list_items)
 
     def __getitem__(self, key):
         # change index to positive value because MongoDB does not support negative one
         if isinstance(key, int) and key < 0:
             key = len(self) + key
-        value = super(BaseList, self).__getitem__(key)
+        value = super().__getitem__(key)
 
         if isinstance(key, slice):
             # When receiving a slice operator, we don't convert the structure and bind
@@ -135,19 +133,18 @@ class BaseList(list):
             value._instance = self._instance
         elif isinstance(value, dict) and not isinstance(value, BaseDict):
             # Replace dict by BaseDict
-            value = BaseDict(value, None, "%s.%s" % (self._name, key))
-            super(BaseList, self).__setitem__(key, value)
+            value = BaseDict(value, None, "{}.{}".format(self._name, key))
+            super().__setitem__(key, value)
             value._instance = self._instance
         elif isinstance(value, list) and not isinstance(value, BaseList):
             # Replace list by BaseList
-            value = BaseList(value, None, "%s.%s" % (self._name, key))
-            super(BaseList, self).__setitem__(key, value)
+            value = BaseList(value, None, "{}.{}".format(self._name, key))
+            super().__setitem__(key, value)
             value._instance = self._instance
         return value
 
     def __iter__(self):
-        for v in super(BaseList, self).__iter__():
-            yield v
+        yield from super().__iter__()
 
     def __getstate__(self):
         self.instance = None
@@ -165,7 +162,7 @@ class BaseList(list):
             # instead, we simply marks the whole list as changed
             changed_key = None
 
-        result = super(BaseList, self).__setitem__(key, value)
+        result = super().__setitem__(key, value)
         self._mark_as_changed(changed_key)
         return result
 
@@ -180,30 +177,19 @@ class BaseList(list):
     __iadd__ = mark_as_changed_wrapper(list.__iadd__)
     __imul__ = mark_as_changed_wrapper(list.__imul__)
 
-    if six.PY2:
-        # Under py3 __setslice__, __delslice__ and __getslice__
-        # are replaced by __setitem__, __delitem__ and __getitem__ with a slice as parameter
-        # so we mimic this under python 2
-        def __setslice__(self, i, j, sequence):
-            return self.__setitem__(slice(i, j), sequence)
-
-        def __delslice__(self, i, j):
-            return self.__delitem__(slice(i, j))
-
-        def __getslice__(self, i, j):
-            return self.__getitem__(slice(i, j))
-
     def _mark_as_changed(self, key=None):
         if hasattr(self._instance, "_mark_as_changed"):
             if key:
-                self._instance._mark_as_changed("%s.%s" % (self._name, key % len(self)))
+                self._instance._mark_as_changed(
+                    "{}.{}".format(self._name, key % len(self))
+                )
             else:
                 self._instance._mark_as_changed(self._name)
 
 
 class EmbeddedDocumentList(BaseList):
     def __init__(self, list_items, instance, name):
-        super(EmbeddedDocumentList, self).__init__(list_items, instance, name)
+        super().__init__(list_items, instance, name)
         self._instance = instance
 
     @classmethod
@@ -213,7 +199,7 @@ class EmbeddedDocumentList(BaseList):
         """
         for key, expected_value in kwargs.items():
             doc_val = getattr(embedded_doc, key)
-            if doc_val != expected_value and six.text_type(doc_val) != expected_value:
+            if doc_val != expected_value and str(doc_val) != expected_value:
                 return False
         return True
 
@@ -368,13 +354,13 @@ class EmbeddedDocumentList(BaseList):
         return len(values)
 
 
-class StrictDict(object):
+class StrictDict:
     __slots__ = ()
     _special_fields = {"get", "pop", "iteritems", "items", "keys", "create"}
     _classes = {}
 
     def __init__(self, **kwargs):
-        for k, v in iteritems(kwargs):
+        for k, v in kwargs.items():
             setattr(self, k, v)
 
     def __getitem__(self, key):
@@ -422,13 +408,13 @@ class StrictDict(object):
         return (key for key in self.__slots__ if hasattr(self, key))
 
     def __len__(self):
-        return len(list(iteritems(self)))
+        return len(list(self.items()))
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
-        return self.items() == other.items()
+        return list(self.items()) == list(other.items())
 
     def __ne__(self, other):
-        return self.items() != other.items()
+        return not (self == other)
 
     @classmethod
     def create(cls, allowed_keys):
@@ -443,7 +429,7 @@ class StrictDict(object):
 
                 def __repr__(self):
                     return "{%s}" % ", ".join(
-                        '"{0!s}": {1!r}'.format(k, v) for k, v in self.items()
+                        '"{!s}": {!r}'.format(k, v) for k, v in self.items()
                     )
 
             cls._classes[allowed_keys] = SpecificStrictDict
@@ -468,9 +454,7 @@ class LazyReference(DBRef):
         self.document_type = document_type
         self._cached_doc = cached_doc
         self.passthrough = passthrough
-        super(LazyReference, self).__init__(
-            self.document_type._get_collection_name(), pk
-        )
+        super().__init__(self.document_type._get_collection_name(), pk)
 
     def __getitem__(self, name):
         if not self.passthrough:
@@ -488,4 +472,4 @@ class LazyReference(DBRef):
             raise AttributeError()
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return "<LazyReference(%s, %r)>" % (self.document_type, self.pk)
+        return "<LazyReference({}, {!r})>".format(self.document_type, self.pk)

mongoengine/base/document.py

@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
 import copy
+
 import numbers
 from functools import partial
 
 from bson import DBRef, ObjectId, SON, json_util
 import pymongo
-import six
-from six import iteritems
 
 from mongoengine import signals
 from mongoengine.base.common import get_document
@@ -25,14 +24,13 @@ from mongoengine.errors import (
     OperationError,
     ValidationError,
 )
-from mongoengine.python_support import Hashable
 
 __all__ = ("BaseDocument", "NON_FIELD_ERRORS")
 
 NON_FIELD_ERRORS = "__all__"
 
 
-class BaseDocument(object):
+class BaseDocument:
     # TODO simplify how `_changed_fields` is used.
     # Currently, handling of `_changed_fields` seems unnecessarily convoluted:
     # 1. `BaseDocument` defines `_changed_fields` in its `__slots__`, yet it's
@@ -92,10 +90,10 @@ class BaseDocument(object):
         # if so raise an Exception.
         if not self._dynamic and (self._meta.get("strict", True) or _created):
             _undefined_fields = set(values.keys()) - set(
-                self._fields.keys() + ["id", "pk", "_cls", "_text_score"]
+                list(self._fields.keys()) + ["id", "pk", "_cls", "_text_score"]
             )
             if _undefined_fields:
-                msg = ('The fields "{0}" do not exist on the document "{1}"').format(
+                msg = ('The fields "{}" do not exist on the document "{}"').format(
                     _undefined_fields, self._class_name
                 )
                 raise FieldDoesNotExist(msg)
@@ -110,7 +108,7 @@ class BaseDocument(object):
         # Assign default values to the instance.
         # We set default values only for fields loaded from DB. See
         # https://github.com/mongoengine/mongoengine/issues/399 for more info.
-        for key, field in iteritems(self._fields):
+        for key, field in self._fields.items():
             if self._db_field_map.get(key, key) in __only_fields:
                 continue
             value = getattr(self, key, None)
@@ -122,14 +120,14 @@ class BaseDocument(object):
         # Set passed values after initialisation
         if self._dynamic:
             dynamic_data = {}
-            for key, value in iteritems(values):
+            for key, value in values.items():
                 if key in self._fields or key == "_id":
                     setattr(self, key, value)
                 else:
                     dynamic_data[key] = value
         else:
             FileField = _import_class("FileField")
-            for key, value in iteritems(values):
+            for key, value in values.items():
                 key = self._reverse_db_field_map.get(key, key)
                 if key in self._fields or key in ("id", "pk", "_cls"):
                     if __auto_convert and value is not None:
@@ -145,7 +143,7 @@ class BaseDocument(object):
 
         if self._dynamic:
             self._dynamic_lock = False
-            for key, value in iteritems(dynamic_data):
+            for key, value in dynamic_data.items():
                 setattr(self, key, value)
 
         # Flag initialised
@@ -163,7 +161,7 @@ class BaseDocument(object):
                 default = default()
             setattr(self, field_name, default)
         else:
-            super(BaseDocument, self).__delattr__(*args, **kwargs)
+            super().__delattr__(*args, **kwargs)
 
     def __setattr__(self, name, value):
         # Handle dynamic data only if an initialised dynamic document
@@ -210,9 +208,9 @@ class BaseDocument(object):
             and self__created
             and name == self._meta.get("id_field")
         ):
-            super(BaseDocument, self).__setattr__("_created", False)
+            super().__setattr__("_created", False)
 
-        super(BaseDocument, self).__setattr__(name, value)
+        super().__setattr__(name, value)
 
     def __getstate__(self):
         data = {}
@@ -288,16 +286,13 @@ class BaseDocument(object):
         except (UnicodeEncodeError, UnicodeDecodeError):
             u = "[Bad Unicode data]"
         repr_type = str if u is None else type(u)
-        return repr_type("<%s: %s>" % (self.__class__.__name__, u))
+        return repr_type("<{}: {}>".format(self.__class__.__name__, u))
 
     def __str__(self):
         # TODO this could be simpler?
         if hasattr(self, "__unicode__"):
-            if six.PY3:
-                return self.__unicode__()
-            else:
-                return six.text_type(self).encode("utf-8")
-        return six.text_type("%s object" % self.__class__.__name__)
+            return self.__unicode__()
+        return "%s object" % self.__class__.__name__
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
         if (
@@ -446,7 +441,7 @@ class BaseDocument(object):
                 pk = self.pk
             elif self._instance and hasattr(self._instance, "pk"):
                 pk = self._instance.pk
-            message = "ValidationError (%s:%s) " % (self._class_name, pk)
+            message = "ValidationError ({}:{}) ".format(self._class_name, pk)
             raise ValidationError(message, errors=errors)
 
     def to_json(self, *args, **kwargs):
@@ -519,7 +514,7 @@ class BaseDocument(object):
         if "." in key:
             key, rest = key.split(".", 1)
             key = self._db_field_map.get(key, key)
-            key = "%s.%s" % (key, rest)
+            key = "{}.{}".format(key, rest)
         else:
             key = self._db_field_map.get(key, key)
 
@@ -578,10 +573,10 @@ class BaseDocument(object):
         if not hasattr(data, "items"):
             iterator = enumerate(data)
         else:
-            iterator = iteritems(data)
+            iterator = data.items()
 
         for index_or_key, value in iterator:
-            item_key = "%s%s." % (base_key, index_or_key)
+            item_key = "{}{}.".format(base_key, index_or_key)
             # don't check anything lower if this key is already marked
             # as changed.
             if item_key[:-1] in changed_fields:
@@ -589,7 +584,7 @@ class BaseDocument(object):
 
             if hasattr(value, "_get_changed_fields"):
                 changed = value._get_changed_fields()
-                changed_fields += ["%s%s" % (item_key, k) for k in changed if k]
+                changed_fields += ["{}{}".format(item_key, k) for k in changed if k]
             elif isinstance(value, (list, tuple, dict)):
                 self._nestable_types_changed_fields(changed_fields, item_key, value)
 
@@ -620,7 +615,7 @@ class BaseDocument(object):
             if isinstance(data, EmbeddedDocument):
                 # Find all embedded fields that have been changed
                 changed = data._get_changed_fields()
-                changed_fields += ["%s%s" % (key, k) for k in changed if k]
+                changed_fields += ["{}{}".format(key, k) for k in changed if k]
             elif isinstance(data, (list, tuple, dict)):
                 if hasattr(field, "field") and isinstance(
                     field.field, (ReferenceField, GenericReferenceField)
@@ -670,7 +665,7 @@ class BaseDocument(object):
                 del set_data["_id"]
 
         # Determine if any changed items were actually unset.
-        for path, value in set_data.items():
+        for path, value in list(set_data.items()):
             if value or isinstance(
                 value, (numbers.Number, bool)
             ):  # Account for 0 and True that are truthy
@@ -744,7 +739,7 @@ class BaseDocument(object):
         # Convert SON to a data dict, making sure each key is a string and
         # corresponds to the right db field.
         data = {}
-        for key, value in iteritems(son):
+        for key, value in son.items():
             key = str(key)
             key = cls._db_field_map.get(key, key)
             data[key] = value
@@ -759,7 +754,7 @@ class BaseDocument(object):
         if not _auto_dereference:
             fields = copy.deepcopy(fields)
 
-        for field_name, field in iteritems(fields):
+        for field_name, field in fields.items():
             field._auto_dereference = _auto_dereference
             if field.db_field in data:
                 value = data[field.db_field]
@@ -774,17 +769,16 @@ class BaseDocument(object):
 
         if errors_dict:
             errors = "\n".join(
-                ["Field '%s' - %s" % (k, v) for k, v in errors_dict.items()]
+                ["Field '{}' - {}".format(k, v) for k, v in errors_dict.items()]
             )
-            msg = "Invalid data to create a `%s` instance.\n%s" % (
-                cls._class_name,
-                errors,
+            msg = "Invalid data to create a `{}` instance.\n{}".format(
+                cls._class_name, errors,
             )
             raise InvalidDocumentError(msg)
 
         # In STRICT documents, remove any keys that aren't in cls._fields
         if cls.STRICT:
-            data = {k: v for k, v in iteritems(data) if k in cls._fields}
+            data = {k: v for k, v in data.items() if k in cls._fields}
 
         obj = cls(
             __auto_convert=False, _created=created, __only_fields=only_fields, **data
@@ -831,7 +825,7 @@ class BaseDocument(object):
     @classmethod
     def _build_index_spec(cls, spec):
         """Build a PyMongo index spec from a MongoEngine index spec."""
-        if isinstance(spec, six.string_types):
+        if isinstance(spec, str):
             spec = {"fields": [spec]}
         elif isinstance(spec, (list, tuple)):
             spec = {"fields": list(spec)}
@@ -928,7 +922,7 @@ class BaseDocument(object):
 
                 # Add any unique_with fields to the back of the index spec
                 if field.unique_with:
-                    if isinstance(field.unique_with, six.string_types):
+                    if isinstance(field.unique_with, str):
                         field.unique_with = [field.unique_with]
 
                     # Convert unique_with field names to real field names
@@ -949,7 +943,8 @@ class BaseDocument(object):
 
                 # Add the new index to the list
                 fields = [
-                    ("%s%s" % (namespace, f), pymongo.ASCENDING) for f in unique_fields
+                    ("{}{}".format(namespace, f), pymongo.ASCENDING)
+                    for f in unique_fields
                 ]
                 index = {"fields": fields, "unique": True, "sparse": sparse}
                 unique_indexes.append(index)
@@ -1006,7 +1001,7 @@ class BaseDocument(object):
             elif field._geo_index:
                 field_name = field.db_field
                 if parent_field:
-                    field_name = "%s.%s" % (parent_field, field_name)
+                    field_name = "{}.{}".format(parent_field, field_name)
                 geo_indices.append({"fields": [(field_name, field._geo_index)]})
 
         return geo_indices
@@ -1175,9 +1170,6 @@ class BaseDocument(object):
                 else [value]
             )
             return sep.join(
-                [
-                    six.text_type(dict(field.choices).get(val, val))
-                    for val in values or []
-                ]
+                [str(dict(field.choices).get(val, val)) for val in values or []]
             )
         return value

mongoengine/base/fields.py

@@ -4,8 +4,6 @@ import weakref
 
 from bson import DBRef, ObjectId, SON
 import pymongo
-import six
-from six import iteritems
 
 from mongoengine.base.common import UPDATE_OPERATORS
 from mongoengine.base.datastructures import BaseDict, BaseList, EmbeddedDocumentList
@@ -15,7 +13,7 @@ from mongoengine.errors import DeprecatedError, ValidationError
 __all__ = ("BaseField", "ComplexBaseField", "ObjectIdField", "GeoJsonBaseField")
 
 
-class BaseField(object):
+class BaseField:
     """A base class for fields in a MongoDB document. Instances of this class
     may be added to subclasses of `Document` to define a document's schema.
 
@@ -87,13 +85,11 @@ class BaseField(object):
         self._owner_document = None
 
         # Make sure db_field is a string (if it's explicitly defined).
-        if self.db_field is not None and not isinstance(
-            self.db_field, six.string_types
-        ):
+        if self.db_field is not None and not isinstance(self.db_field, str):
             raise TypeError("db_field should be a string.")
 
         # Make sure db_field doesn't contain any forbidden characters.
-        if isinstance(self.db_field, six.string_types) and (
+        if isinstance(self.db_field, str) and (
             "." in self.db_field
             or "\0" in self.db_field
             or self.db_field.startswith("$")
@@ -216,14 +212,12 @@ class BaseField(object):
         # Choices which are other types of Documents
         if isinstance(value, (Document, EmbeddedDocument)):
             if not any(isinstance(value, c) for c in choice_list):
-                self.error(
-                    "Value must be an instance of %s" % (six.text_type(choice_list))
-                )
+                self.error("Value must be an instance of %s" % (choice_list))
         # Choices which are types other than Documents
         else:
             values = value if isinstance(value, (list, tuple)) else [value]
             if len(set(values) - set(choice_list)):
-                self.error("Value must be one of %s" % six.text_type(choice_list))
+                self.error("Value must be one of %s" % str(choice_list))
 
     def _validate(self, value, **kwargs):
         # Check the Choices Constraint
@@ -311,7 +305,7 @@ class ComplexBaseField(BaseField):
             if hasattr(instance._data[self.name], "_dereferenced"):
                 instance._data[self.name]._dereferenced = True
 
-        value = super(ComplexBaseField, self).__get__(instance, owner)
+        value = super().__get__(instance, owner)
 
         # Convert lists / values so we can watch for any changes on them
         if isinstance(value, (list, tuple)):
@@ -340,7 +334,7 @@ class ComplexBaseField(BaseField):
 
     def to_python(self, value):
         """Convert a MongoDB-compatible type to a Python type."""
-        if isinstance(value, six.string_types):
+        if isinstance(value, str):
             return value
 
         if hasattr(value, "to_python"):
@@ -394,7 +388,7 @@ class ComplexBaseField(BaseField):
         EmbeddedDocument = _import_class("EmbeddedDocument")
         GenericReferenceField = _import_class("GenericReferenceField")
 
-        if isinstance(value, six.string_types):
+        if isinstance(value, str):
             return value
 
         if hasattr(value, "to_mongo"):
@@ -418,11 +412,11 @@ class ComplexBaseField(BaseField):
         if self.field:
             value_dict = {
                 key: self.field._to_mongo_safe_call(item, use_db_field, fields)
-                for key, item in iteritems(value)
+                for key, item in value.items()
             }
         else:
             value_dict = {}
-            for k, v in iteritems(value):
+            for k, v in value.items():
                 if isinstance(v, Document):
                     # We need the id from the saved object to create the DBRef
                     if v.pk is None:
@@ -461,8 +455,8 @@ class ComplexBaseField(BaseField):
         """If field is provided ensure the value is valid."""
         errors = {}
         if self.field:
-            if hasattr(value, "iteritems") or hasattr(value, "items"):
-                sequence = iteritems(value)
+            if hasattr(value, "items"):
+                sequence = value.items()
             else:
                 sequence = enumerate(value)
             for k, v in sequence:
@@ -475,7 +469,9 @@ class ComplexBaseField(BaseField):
 
             if errors:
                 field_class = self.field.__class__.__name__
-                self.error("Invalid %s item (%s)" % (field_class, value), errors=errors)
+                self.error(
+                    "Invalid {} item ({})".format(field_class, value), errors=errors
+                )
         # Don't allow empty values if required
         if self.required and not value:
             self.error("Field is required and cannot be empty")
@@ -508,10 +504,9 @@ class ObjectIdField(BaseField):
     def to_mongo(self, value):
         if not isinstance(value, ObjectId):
             try:
-                return ObjectId(six.text_type(value))
+                return ObjectId(str(value))
             except Exception as e:
-                # e.message attribute has been deprecated since Python 2.6
-                self.error(six.text_type(e))
+                self.error(str(e))
         return value
 
     def prepare_query_value(self, op, value):
@@ -519,9 +514,9 @@ class ObjectIdField(BaseField):
 
     def validate(self, value):
         try:
-            ObjectId(six.text_type(value))
+            ObjectId(str(value))
         except Exception:
-            self.error("Invalid Object ID")
+            self.error("Invalid ObjectID")
 
 
 class GeoJsonBaseField(BaseField):
@@ -541,14 +536,14 @@ class GeoJsonBaseField(BaseField):
         self._name = "%sField" % self._type
         if not auto_index:
             self._geo_index = False
-        super(GeoJsonBaseField, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
     def validate(self, value):
         """Validate the GeoJson object based on its type."""
         if isinstance(value, dict):
             if set(value.keys()) == {"type", "coordinates"}:
                 if value["type"] != self._type:
-                    self.error('%s type must be "%s"' % (self._name, self._type))
+                    self.error('{} type must be "{}"'.format(self._name, self._type))
                 return self.validate(value["coordinates"])
             else:
                 self.error(

mongoengine/base/metaclasses.py

@@ -1,9 +1,6 @@
 import itertools
 import warnings
 
-import six
-from six import iteritems, itervalues
-
 from mongoengine.base.common import _document_registry
 from mongoengine.base.fields import BaseField, ComplexBaseField, ObjectIdField
 from mongoengine.common import _import_class
@@ -25,7 +22,7 @@ class DocumentMetaclass(type):
     # TODO lower complexity of this method
     def __new__(mcs, name, bases, attrs):
         flattened_bases = mcs._get_bases(bases)
-        super_new = super(DocumentMetaclass, mcs).__new__
+        super_new = super().__new__
 
         # If a base class just call super
         metaclass = attrs.get("my_metaclass")
@@ -69,7 +66,7 @@ class DocumentMetaclass(type):
             # Standard object mixin - merge in any Fields
             if not hasattr(base, "_meta"):
                 base_fields = {}
-                for attr_name, attr_value in iteritems(base.__dict__):
+                for attr_name, attr_value in base.__dict__.items():
                     if not isinstance(attr_value, BaseField):
                         continue
                     attr_value.name = attr_name
@@ -81,7 +78,7 @@ class DocumentMetaclass(type):
 
         # Discover any document fields
         field_names = {}
-        for attr_name, attr_value in iteritems(attrs):
+        for attr_name, attr_value in attrs.items():
             if not isinstance(attr_value, BaseField):
                 continue
             attr_value.name = attr_name
@@ -111,9 +108,7 @@ class DocumentMetaclass(type):
 
         attrs["_fields_ordered"] = tuple(
             i[1]
-            for i in sorted(
-                (v.creation_counter, v.name) for v in itervalues(doc_fields)
-            )
+            for i in sorted((v.creation_counter, v.name) for v in doc_fields.values())
         )
 
         #
@@ -173,24 +168,8 @@ class DocumentMetaclass(type):
         # Add class to the _document_registry
         _document_registry[new_class._class_name] = new_class
 
-        # In Python 2, User-defined methods objects have special read-only
-        # attributes 'im_func' and 'im_self' which contain the function obj
-        # and class instance object respectively.  With Python 3 these special
-        # attributes have been replaced by __func__ and __self__.  The Blinker
-        # module continues to use im_func and im_self, so the code below
-        # copies __func__ into im_func and __self__ into im_self for
-        # classmethod objects in Document derived classes.
-        if six.PY3:
-            for val in new_class.__dict__.values():
-                if isinstance(val, classmethod):
-                    f = val.__get__(new_class)
-                    if hasattr(f, "__func__") and not hasattr(f, "im_func"):
-                        f.__dict__.update({"im_func": getattr(f, "__func__")})
-                    if hasattr(f, "__self__") and not hasattr(f, "im_self"):
-                        f.__dict__.update({"im_self": getattr(f, "__self__")})
-
         # Handle delete rules
-        for field in itervalues(new_class._fields):
+        for field in new_class._fields.values():
             f = field
             if f.owner_document is None:
                 f.owner_document = new_class
@@ -252,8 +231,7 @@ class DocumentMetaclass(type):
             if base is object:
                 continue
             yield base
-            for child_base in mcs.__get_bases(base.__bases__):
-                yield child_base
+            yield from mcs.__get_bases(base.__bases__)
 
     @classmethod
     def _import_classes(mcs):
@@ -271,7 +249,7 @@ class TopLevelDocumentMetaclass(DocumentMetaclass):
 
     def __new__(mcs, name, bases, attrs):
         flattened_bases = mcs._get_bases(bases)
-        super_new = super(TopLevelDocumentMetaclass, mcs).__new__
+        super_new = super().__new__
 
         # Set default _meta data if base class, otherwise get user defined meta
         if attrs.get("my_metaclass") == TopLevelDocumentMetaclass:
@@ -398,7 +376,7 @@ class TopLevelDocumentMetaclass(DocumentMetaclass):
             new_class.objects = QuerySetManager()
 
         # Validate the fields and set primary key if needed
-        for field_name, field in iteritems(new_class._fields):
+        for field_name, field in new_class._fields.items():
             if field.primary_key:
                 # Ensure only one primary key is set
                 current_pk = new_class._meta.get("id_field")
@@ -461,8 +439,8 @@ class TopLevelDocumentMetaclass(DocumentMetaclass):
 
         id_basename, id_db_basename, i = ("auto_id", "_auto_id", 0)
         for i in itertools.count():
-            id_name = "{0}_{1}".format(id_basename, i)
-            id_db_name = "{0}_{1}".format(id_db_basename, i)
+            id_name = "{}_{}".format(id_basename, i)
+            id_db_name = "{}_{}".format(id_db_basename, i)
             if id_name not in existing_fields and id_db_name not in existing_db_fields:
                 return id_name, id_db_name
 
@@ -475,7 +453,7 @@ class MetaDict(dict):
     _merge_options = ("indexes",)
 
     def merge(self, new_options):
-        for k, v in iteritems(new_options):
+        for k, v in new_options.items():
             if k in self._merge_options:
                 self[k] = self.get(k, []) + v
             else:

mongoengine/base/utils.py

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import re
 
 
-class LazyRegexCompiler(object):
+class LazyRegexCompiler:
     """Descriptor to allow lazy compilation of regex"""
 
     def __init__(self, pattern, flags=0):

mongoengine/connection.py

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 from pymongo import MongoClient, ReadPreference, uri_parser
 from pymongo.database import _check_name
-import six
 
 __all__ = [
     "DEFAULT_CONNECTION_NAME",
@@ -39,8 +38,8 @@ def _check_db_name(name):
     """Check if a database name is valid.
     This functionality is copied from pymongo Database class constructor.
     """
-    if not isinstance(name, six.string_types):
-        raise TypeError("name must be an instance of %s" % six.string_types)
+    if not isinstance(name, str):
+        raise TypeError("name must be an instance of %s" % str)
     elif name != "$external":
         _check_name(name)
 
@@ -93,7 +92,7 @@ def _get_connection_settings(
     conn_host = conn_settings["host"]
 
     # Host can be a list or a string, so if string, force to a list.
-    if isinstance(conn_host, six.string_types):
+    if isinstance(conn_host, str):
         conn_host = [conn_host]
 
     resolved_hosts = []
@@ -148,7 +147,7 @@ def _get_connection_settings(
                 # TODO simplify the code below once we drop support for
                 # PyMongo v3.4.
                 read_pf_mode = uri_options["readpreference"]
-                if isinstance(read_pf_mode, six.string_types):
+                if isinstance(read_pf_mode, str):
                     read_pf_mode = read_pf_mode.lower()
                 for preference in read_preferences:
                     if (
@@ -318,7 +317,7 @@ def _create_connection(alias, connection_class, **connection_settings):
     try:
         return connection_class(**connection_settings)
     except Exception as e:
-        raise ConnectionFailure("Cannot connect to database %s :\n%s" % (alias, e))
+        raise ConnectionFailure("Cannot connect to database {} :\n{}".format(alias, e))
 
 
 def _find_existing_connection(connection_settings):
@@ -396,8 +395,8 @@ def connect(db=None, alias=DEFAULT_CONNECTION_NAME, **kwargs):
 
         if new_conn_settings != prev_conn_setting:
             err_msg = (
-                u"A different connection with alias `{}` was already "
-                u"registered. Use disconnect() first"
+                "A different connection with alias `{}` was already "
+                "registered. Use disconnect() first"
             ).format(alias)
             raise ConnectionFailure(err_msg)
     else:

mongoengine/context_managers.py

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 from contextlib import contextmanager
 
 from pymongo.write_concern import WriteConcern
-from six import iteritems
 
 from mongoengine.common import _import_class
 from mongoengine.connection import DEFAULT_CONNECTION_NAME, get_db
@@ -17,7 +16,7 @@ __all__ = (
 )
 
 
-class switch_db(object):
+class switch_db:
     """switch_db alias context manager.
 
     Example ::
@@ -58,7 +57,7 @@ class switch_db(object):
         self.cls._collection = self.collection
 
 
-class switch_collection(object):
+class switch_collection:
     """switch_collection alias context manager.
 
     Example ::
@@ -100,7 +99,7 @@ class switch_collection(object):
         self.cls._get_collection_name = self.ori_get_collection_name
 
 
-class no_dereference(object):
+class no_dereference:
     """no_dereference context manager.
 
     Turns off all dereferencing in Documents for the duration of the context
@@ -123,7 +122,7 @@ class no_dereference(object):
 
         self.deref_fields = [
             k
-            for k, v in iteritems(self.cls._fields)
+            for k, v in self.cls._fields.items()
             if isinstance(v, (ReferenceField, GenericReferenceField, ComplexBaseField))
         ]
 
@@ -140,7 +139,7 @@ class no_dereference(object):
         return self.cls
 
 
-class no_sub_classes(object):
+class no_sub_classes:
     """no_sub_classes context manager.
 
     Only returns instances of this class and no sub (inherited) classes::
@@ -168,7 +167,7 @@ class no_sub_classes(object):
         self.cls._subclasses = self.cls_initial_subclasses
 
 
-class query_counter(object):
+class query_counter:
     """Query_counter context manager to get the number of queries.
     This works by updating the `profiling_level` of the database so that all queries get logged,
     resetting the db.system.profile collection at the beginning of the context and counting the new entries.
@@ -235,7 +234,7 @@ class query_counter(object):
 
     def __repr__(self):
         """repr query_counter as the number of queries."""
-        return u"%s" % self._get_count()
+        return "%s" % self._get_count()
 
     def _get_count(self):
         """Get the number of queries by counting the current number of entries in db.system.profile

mongoengine/dereference.py

@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
 from bson import DBRef, SON
-import six
-from six import iteritems
 
 from mongoengine.base import (
     BaseDict,
@@ -16,7 +14,7 @@ from mongoengine.fields import DictField, ListField, MapField, ReferenceField
 from mongoengine.queryset import QuerySet
 
 
-class DeReference(object):
+class DeReference:
     def __call__(self, items, max_depth=1, instance=None, name=None):
         """
         Cheaply dereferences the items to a set depth.
@@ -30,7 +28,7 @@ class DeReference(object):
             :class:`~mongoengine.base.ComplexBaseField`
         :param get: A boolean determining if being called by __get__
         """
-        if items is None or isinstance(items, six.string_types):
+        if items is None or isinstance(items, str):
             return items
 
         # cheapest way to convert a queryset to a list
@@ -79,7 +77,7 @@ class DeReference(object):
 
                     def _get_items_from_dict(items):
                         new_items = {}
-                        for k, v in iteritems(items):
+                        for k, v in items.items():
                             value = v
                             if isinstance(v, list):
                                 value = _get_items_from_list(v)
@@ -120,7 +118,7 @@ class DeReference(object):
         depth += 1
         for item in iterator:
             if isinstance(item, (Document, EmbeddedDocument)):
-                for field_name, field in iteritems(item._fields):
+                for field_name, field in item._fields.items():
                     v = item._data.get(field_name, None)
                     if isinstance(v, LazyReference):
                         # LazyReference inherits DBRef but should not be dereferenced here !
@@ -136,7 +134,7 @@ class DeReference(object):
                             getattr(field, "field", None), "document_type", None
                         )
                         references = self._find_references(v, depth)
-                        for key, refs in iteritems(references):
+                        for key, refs in references.items():
                             if isinstance(
                                 field_cls, (Document, TopLevelDocumentMetaclass)
                             ):
@@ -153,7 +151,7 @@ class DeReference(object):
                 )
             elif isinstance(item, (dict, list, tuple)) and depth - 1 <= self.max_depth:
                 references = self._find_references(item, depth - 1)
-                for key, refs in iteritems(references):
+                for key, refs in references.items():
                     reference_map.setdefault(key, set()).update(refs)
 
         return reference_map
@@ -162,7 +160,7 @@ class DeReference(object):
         """Fetch all references and convert to their document objects
         """
         object_map = {}
-        for collection, dbrefs in iteritems(self.reference_map):
+        for collection, dbrefs in self.reference_map.items():
 
             # we use getattr instead of hasattr because hasattr swallows any exception under python2
             # so it could hide nasty things without raising exceptions (cfr bug #1688))
@@ -174,7 +172,7 @@ class DeReference(object):
                     dbref for dbref in dbrefs if (col_name, dbref) not in object_map
                 ]
                 references = collection.objects.in_bulk(refs)
-                for key, doc in iteritems(references):
+                for key, doc in references.items():
                     object_map[(col_name, key)] = doc
             else:  # Generic reference: use the refs data to convert to document
                 if isinstance(doc_type, (ListField, DictField, MapField)):
@@ -250,7 +248,7 @@ class DeReference(object):
             data = []
         else:
             is_list = False
-            iterator = iteritems(items)
+            iterator = items.items()
             data = {}
 
         depth += 1
@@ -274,14 +272,12 @@ class DeReference(object):
                             (v["_ref"].collection, v["_ref"].id), v
                         )
                     elif isinstance(v, (dict, list, tuple)) and depth <= self.max_depth:
-                        item_name = six.text_type("{0}.{1}.{2}").format(
-                            name, k, field_name
-                        )
+                        item_name = "{}.{}.{}".format(name, k, field_name)
                         data[k]._data[field_name] = self._attach_objects(
                             v, depth, instance=instance, name=item_name
                         )
             elif isinstance(v, (dict, list, tuple)) and depth <= self.max_depth:
-                item_name = "%s.%s" % (name, k) if name else name
+                item_name = "{}.{}".format(name, k) if name else name
                 data[k] = self._attach_objects(
                     v, depth - 1, instance=instance, name=item_name
                 )

mongoengine/document.py

@@ -4,8 +4,6 @@ import warnings
 from bson.dbref import DBRef
 import pymongo
 from pymongo.read_preferences import ReadPreference
-import six
-from six import iteritems
 
 from mongoengine import signals
 from mongoengine.base import (
@@ -44,7 +42,7 @@ def includes_cls(fields):
     """Helper function used for ensuring and comparing indexes."""
     first_field = None
     if len(fields):
-        if isinstance(fields[0], six.string_types):
+        if isinstance(fields[0], str):
             first_field = fields[0]
         elif isinstance(fields[0], (list, tuple)) and len(fields[0]):
             first_field = fields[0][0]
@@ -55,7 +53,7 @@ class InvalidCollectionError(Exception):
     pass
 
 
-class EmbeddedDocument(six.with_metaclass(DocumentMetaclass, BaseDocument)):
+class EmbeddedDocument(BaseDocument, metaclass=DocumentMetaclass):
     r"""A :class:`~mongoengine.Document` that isn't stored in its own
     collection.  :class:`~mongoengine.EmbeddedDocument`\ s should be used as
     fields on :class:`~mongoengine.Document`\ s through the
@@ -71,7 +69,6 @@ class EmbeddedDocument(six.with_metaclass(DocumentMetaclass, BaseDocument)):
 
     __slots__ = ("_instance",)
 
-    # The __metaclass__ attribute is removed by 2to3 when running with Python3
     # my_metaclass is defined so that metaclass can be queried in Python 2 & 3
     my_metaclass = DocumentMetaclass
 
@@ -82,7 +79,7 @@ class EmbeddedDocument(six.with_metaclass(DocumentMetaclass, BaseDocument)):
     __hash__ = None
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        super(EmbeddedDocument, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
         self._instance = None
         self._changed_fields = []
 
@@ -95,7 +92,7 @@ class EmbeddedDocument(six.with_metaclass(DocumentMetaclass, BaseDocument)):
         return not self.__eq__(other)
 
     def to_mongo(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        data = super(EmbeddedDocument, self).to_mongo(*args, **kwargs)
+        data = super().to_mongo(*args, **kwargs)
 
         # remove _id from the SON if it's in it and it's None
         if "_id" in data and data["_id"] is None:
@@ -104,7 +101,7 @@ class EmbeddedDocument(six.with_metaclass(DocumentMetaclass, BaseDocument)):
         return data
 
 
-class Document(six.with_metaclass(TopLevelDocumentMetaclass, BaseDocument)):
+class Document(BaseDocument, metaclass=TopLevelDocumentMetaclass):
     """The base class used for defining the structure and properties of
     collections of documents stored in MongoDB. Inherit from this class, and
     add fields as class attributes to define a document's structure.
@@ -156,7 +153,6 @@ class Document(six.with_metaclass(TopLevelDocumentMetaclass, BaseDocument)):
     in the :attr:`meta` dictionary.
     """
 
-    # The __metaclass__ attribute is removed by 2to3 when running with Python3
     # my_metaclass is defined so that metaclass can be queried in Python 2 & 3
     my_metaclass = TopLevelDocumentMetaclass
 
@@ -260,7 +256,7 @@ class Document(six.with_metaclass(TopLevelDocumentMetaclass, BaseDocument)):
         return db.create_collection(collection_name, **opts)
 
     def to_mongo(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        data = super(Document, self).to_mongo(*args, **kwargs)
+        data = super().to_mongo(*args, **kwargs)
 
         # If '_id' is None, try and set it from self._data. If that
         # doesn't exist either, remove '_id' from the SON completely.
@@ -431,16 +427,16 @@ class Document(six.with_metaclass(TopLevelDocumentMetaclass, BaseDocument)):
                 self.cascade_save(**kwargs)
 
         except pymongo.errors.DuplicateKeyError as err:
-            message = u"Tried to save duplicate unique keys (%s)"
-            raise NotUniqueError(message % six.text_type(err))
+            message = "Tried to save duplicate unique keys (%s)"
+            raise NotUniqueError(message % err)
         except pymongo.errors.OperationFailure as err:
             message = "Could not save document (%s)"
-            if re.match("^E1100[01] duplicate key", six.text_type(err)):
+            if re.match("^E1100[01] duplicate key", str(err)):
                 # E11000 - duplicate key error index
                 # E11001 - duplicate key on update
-                message = u"Tried to save duplicate unique keys (%s)"
-                raise NotUniqueError(message % six.text_type(err))
-            raise OperationError(message % six.text_type(err))
+                message = "Tried to save duplicate unique keys (%s)"
+                raise NotUniqueError(message % err)
+            raise OperationError(message % err)
 
         # Make sure we store the PK on this document now that it's saved
         id_field = self._meta["id_field"]
@@ -559,7 +555,7 @@ class Document(six.with_metaclass(TopLevelDocumentMetaclass, BaseDocument)):
             if not getattr(ref, "_changed_fields", True):
                 continue
 
-            ref_id = "%s,%s" % (ref.__class__.__name__, str(ref._data))
+            ref_id = "{},{}".format(ref.__class__.__name__, str(ref._data))
             if ref and ref_id not in _refs:
                 _refs.append(ref_id)
                 kwargs["_refs"] = _refs
@@ -634,7 +630,7 @@ class Document(six.with_metaclass(TopLevelDocumentMetaclass, BaseDocument)):
 
         # Delete FileFields separately
         FileField = _import_class("FileField")
-        for name, field in iteritems(self._fields):
+        for name, field in self._fields.items():
             if isinstance(field, FileField):
                 getattr(self, name).delete()
 
@@ -643,7 +639,7 @@ class Document(six.with_metaclass(TopLevelDocumentMetaclass, BaseDocument)):
                 write_concern=write_concern, _from_doc_delete=True
             )
         except pymongo.errors.OperationFailure as err:
-            message = u"Could not delete document (%s)" % err.message
+            message = "Could not delete document (%s)" % err.message
             raise OperationError(message)
         signals.post_delete.send(self.__class__, document=self, **signal_kwargs)
 
@@ -979,10 +975,10 @@ class Document(six.with_metaclass(TopLevelDocumentMetaclass, BaseDocument)):
                     indexes.append(index)
 
         # finish up by appending { '_id': 1 } and { '_cls': 1 }, if needed
-        if [(u"_id", 1)] not in indexes:
-            indexes.append([(u"_id", 1)])
+        if [("_id", 1)] not in indexes:
+            indexes.append([("_id", 1)])
         if cls._meta.get("index_cls", True) and cls._meta.get("allow_inheritance"):
-            indexes.append([(u"_cls", 1)])
+            indexes.append([("_cls", 1)])
 
         return indexes
 
@@ -1006,19 +1002,19 @@ class Document(six.with_metaclass(TopLevelDocumentMetaclass, BaseDocument)):
         extra = [index for index in existing if index not in required]
 
         # if { _cls: 1 } is missing, make sure it's *really* necessary
-        if [(u"_cls", 1)] in missing:
+        if [("_cls", 1)] in missing:
             cls_obsolete = False
             for index in existing:
                 if includes_cls(index) and index not in extra:
                     cls_obsolete = True
                     break
             if cls_obsolete:
-                missing.remove([(u"_cls", 1)])
+                missing.remove([("_cls", 1)])
 
         return {"missing": missing, "extra": extra}
 
 
-class DynamicDocument(six.with_metaclass(TopLevelDocumentMetaclass, Document)):
+class DynamicDocument(Document, metaclass=TopLevelDocumentMetaclass):
     """A Dynamic Document class allowing flexible, expandable and uncontrolled
     schemas.  As a :class:`~mongoengine.Document` subclass, acts in the same
     way as an ordinary document but has expanded style properties.  Any data
@@ -1032,7 +1028,6 @@ class DynamicDocument(six.with_metaclass(TopLevelDocumentMetaclass, Document)):
         There is one caveat on Dynamic Documents: undeclared fields cannot start with `_`
     """
 
-    # The __metaclass__ attribute is removed by 2to3 when running with Python3
     # my_metaclass is defined so that metaclass can be queried in Python 2 & 3
     my_metaclass = TopLevelDocumentMetaclass
 
@@ -1047,16 +1042,15 @@ class DynamicDocument(six.with_metaclass(TopLevelDocumentMetaclass, Document)):
             setattr(self, field_name, None)
             self._dynamic_fields[field_name].null = False
         else:
-            super(DynamicDocument, self).__delattr__(*args, **kwargs)
+            super().__delattr__(*args, **kwargs)
 
 
-class DynamicEmbeddedDocument(six.with_metaclass(DocumentMetaclass, EmbeddedDocument)):
+class DynamicEmbeddedDocument(EmbeddedDocument, metaclass=DocumentMetaclass):
     """A Dynamic Embedded Document class allowing flexible, expandable and
     uncontrolled schemas. See :class:`~mongoengine.DynamicDocument` for more
     information about dynamic documents.
     """
 
-    # The __metaclass__ attribute is removed by 2to3 when running with Python3
     # my_metaclass is defined so that metaclass can be queried in Python 2 & 3
     my_metaclass = DocumentMetaclass
 
@@ -1076,7 +1070,7 @@ class DynamicEmbeddedDocument(six.with_metaclass(DocumentMetaclass, EmbeddedDocu
             setattr(self, field_name, None)
 
 
-class MapReduceDocument(object):
+class MapReduceDocument:
     """A document returned from a map/reduce query.
 
     :param collection: An instance of :class:`~pymongo.Collection`

mongoengine/errors.py

@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 from collections import defaultdict
 
-import six
-from six import iteritems
 
 __all__ = (
     "NotRegistered",
@@ -87,24 +85,24 @@ class ValidationError(AssertionError):
     _message = None
 
     def __init__(self, message="", **kwargs):
-        super(ValidationError, self).__init__(message)
+        super().__init__(message)
         self.errors = kwargs.get("errors", {})
         self.field_name = kwargs.get("field_name")
         self.message = message
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return six.text_type(self.message)
+        return str(self.message)
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return "%s(%s,)" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.message)
+        return "{}({},)".format(self.__class__.__name__, self.message)
 
     def __getattribute__(self, name):
-        message = super(ValidationError, self).__getattribute__(name)
+        message = super().__getattribute__(name)
         if name == "message":
             if self.field_name:
                 message = "%s" % message
             if self.errors:
-                message = "%s(%s)" % (message, self._format_errors())
+                message = "{}({})".format(message, self._format_errors())
         return message
 
     def _get_message(self):
@@ -126,12 +124,12 @@ class ValidationError(AssertionError):
         def build_dict(source):
             errors_dict = {}
             if isinstance(source, dict):
-                for field_name, error in iteritems(source):
+                for field_name, error in source.items():
                     errors_dict[field_name] = build_dict(error)
             elif isinstance(source, ValidationError) and source.errors:
                 return build_dict(source.errors)
             else:
-                return six.text_type(source)
+                return str(source)
 
             return errors_dict
 
@@ -147,15 +145,15 @@ class ValidationError(AssertionError):
             if isinstance(value, list):
                 value = " ".join([generate_key(k) for k in value])
             elif isinstance(value, dict):
-                value = " ".join([generate_key(v, k) for k, v in iteritems(value)])
+                value = " ".join([generate_key(v, k) for k, v in value.items()])
 
-            results = "%s.%s" % (prefix, value) if prefix else value
+            results = "{}.{}".format(prefix, value) if prefix else value
             return results
 
         error_dict = defaultdict(list)
-        for k, v in iteritems(self.to_dict()):
+        for k, v in self.to_dict().items():
             error_dict[generate_key(v)].append(k)
-        return " ".join(["%s: %s" % (k, v) for k, v in iteritems(error_dict)])
+        return " ".join(["{}: {}".format(k, v) for k, v in error_dict.items()])
 
 
 class DeprecatedError(Exception):

mongoengine/fields.py

@@ -5,14 +5,14 @@ import re
 import socket
 import time
 import uuid
+from io import BytesIO
 from operator import itemgetter
 
 from bson import Binary, DBRef, ObjectId, SON
+from bson.int64 import Int64
 import gridfs
 import pymongo
 from pymongo import ReturnDocument
-import six
-from six import iteritems
 
 try:
     import dateutil
@@ -21,11 +21,6 @@ except ImportError:
 else:
     import dateutil.parser
 
-try:
-    from bson.int64 import Int64
-except ImportError:
-    Int64 = long
-
 
 from mongoengine.base import (
     BaseDocument,
@@ -42,7 +37,6 @@ from mongoengine.connection import DEFAULT_CONNECTION_NAME, get_db
 from mongoengine.document import Document, EmbeddedDocument
 from mongoengine.errors import DoesNotExist, InvalidQueryError, ValidationError
 from mongoengine.mongodb_support import MONGODB_36, get_mongodb_version
-from mongoengine.python_support import StringIO
 from mongoengine.queryset import DO_NOTHING
 from mongoengine.queryset.base import BaseQuerySet
 from mongoengine.queryset.transform import STRING_OPERATORS
@@ -53,11 +47,6 @@ except ImportError:
     Image = None
     ImageOps = None
 
-if six.PY3:
-    # Useless as long as 2to3 gets executed
-    # as it turns `long` into `int` blindly
-    long = int
-
 
 __all__ = (
     "StringField",
@@ -114,10 +103,10 @@ class StringField(BaseField):
         self.regex = re.compile(regex) if regex else None
         self.max_length = max_length
         self.min_length = min_length
-        super(StringField, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
 
     def to_python(self, value):
-        if isinstance(value, six.text_type):
+        if isinstance(value, str):
             return value
         try:
             value = value.decode("utf-8")
@@ -126,7 +115,7 @@ class StringField(BaseField):
         return value
 
     def validate(self, value):
-        if not isinstance(value, six.string_types):
+        if not isinstance(value, str):
             self.error("StringField only accepts string values")
 
         if self.max_length is not None and len(value) > self.max_length:
@@ -142,7 +131,7 @@ class StringField(BaseField):
         return None
 
     def prepare_query_value(self, op, value):
-        if not isinstance(op, six.string_types):
+        if not isinstance(op, str):
             return value
 
         if op in STRING_OPERATORS:
@@ -162,7 +151,7 @@ class StringField(BaseField):
             # escape unsafe characters which could lead to a re.error
             value = re.escape(value)
             value = re.compile(regex % value, flags)
-        return super(StringField, self).prepare_query_value(op, value)
+        return super().prepare_query_value(op, value)
 
 
 class URLField(StringField):
@@ -186,17 +175,17 @@ class URLField(StringField):
     def __init__(self, url_regex=None, schemes=None, **kwargs):
         self.url_regex = url_regex or self._URL_REGEX
         self.schemes = schemes or self._URL_SCHEMES
-        super(URLField, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
 
     def validate(self, value):
         # Check first if the scheme is valid
         scheme = value.split("://")[0].lower()
         if scheme not in self.schemes:
-            self.error(u"Invalid scheme {} in URL: {}".format(scheme, value))
+            self.error("Invalid scheme {} in URL: {}".format(scheme, value))
 
         # Then check full URL
         if not self.url_regex.match(value):
-            self.error(u"Invalid URL: {}".format(value))
+            self.error("Invalid URL: {}".format(value))
 
 
 class EmailField(StringField):
@@ -214,7 +203,7 @@ class EmailField(StringField):
     )
 
     UTF8_USER_REGEX = LazyRegexCompiler(
-        six.u(
+        (
             # RFC 6531 Section 3.3 extends `atext` (used by dot-atom) to
             # include `UTF8-non-ascii`.
             r"(^[-!#$%&'*+/=?^_`{}|~0-9A-Z\u0080-\U0010FFFF]+(\.[-!#$%&'*+/=?^_`{}|~0-9A-Z\u0080-\U0010FFFF]+)*\Z"
@@ -229,7 +218,7 @@ class EmailField(StringField):
         re.IGNORECASE,
     )
 
-    error_msg = u"Invalid email address: %s"
+    error_msg = "Invalid email address: %s"
 
     def __init__(
         self,
@@ -253,7 +242,7 @@ class EmailField(StringField):
         self.domain_whitelist = domain_whitelist or []
         self.allow_utf8_user = allow_utf8_user
         self.allow_ip_domain = allow_ip_domain
-        super(EmailField, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
     def validate_user_part(self, user_part):
         """Validate the user part of the email address. Return True if
@@ -280,13 +269,13 @@ class EmailField(StringField):
                 try:
                     socket.inet_pton(addr_family, domain_part[1:-1])
                     return True
-                except (socket.error, UnicodeEncodeError):
+                except (OSError, UnicodeEncodeError):
                     pass
 
         return False
 
     def validate(self, value):
-        super(EmailField, self).validate(value)
+        super().validate(value)
 
         if "@" not in value:
             self.error(self.error_msg % value)
@@ -303,12 +292,16 @@ class EmailField(StringField):
                 domain_part = domain_part.encode("idna").decode("ascii")
             except UnicodeError:
                 self.error(
-                    "%s %s" % (self.error_msg % value, "(domain failed IDN encoding)")
+                    "{} {}".format(
+                        self.error_msg % value, "(domain failed IDN encoding)"
+                    )
                 )
             else:
                 if not self.validate_domain_part(domain_part):
                     self.error(
-                        "%s %s" % (self.error_msg % value, "(domain validation failed)")
+                        "{} {}".format(
+                            self.error_msg % value, "(domain validation failed)"
+                        )
                     )
 
 
@@ -317,7 +310,7 @@ class IntField(BaseField):
 
     def __init__(self, min_value=None, max_value=None, **kwargs):
         self.min_value, self.max_value = min_value, max_value
-        super(IntField, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
 
     def to_python(self, value):
         try:
@@ -342,19 +335,19 @@ class IntField(BaseField):
         if value is None:
             return value
 
-        return super(IntField, self).prepare_query_value(op, int(value))
+        return super().prepare_query_value(op, int(value))
 
 
 class LongField(BaseField):
-    """64-bit integer field."""
+    """64-bit integer field. (Equivalent to IntField since the support to Python2 was dropped)"""
 
     def __init__(self, min_value=None, max_value=None, **kwargs):
         self.min_value, self.max_value = min_value, max_value
-        super(LongField, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
 
     def to_python(self, value):
         try:
-            value = long(value)
+            value = int(value)
         except (TypeError, ValueError):
             pass
         return value
@@ -364,7 +357,7 @@ class LongField(BaseField):
 
     def validate(self, value):
         try:
-            value = long(value)
+            value = int(value)
         except (TypeError, ValueError):
             self.error("%s could not be converted to long" % value)
 
@@ -378,7 +371,7 @@ class LongField(BaseField):
         if value is None:
             return value
 
-        return super(LongField, self).prepare_query_value(op, long(value))
+        return super().prepare_query_value(op, int(value))
 
 
 class FloatField(BaseField):
@@ -386,7 +379,7 @@ class FloatField(BaseField):
 
     def __init__(self, min_value=None, max_value=None, **kwargs):
         self.min_value, self.max_value = min_value, max_value
-        super(FloatField, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
 
     def to_python(self, value):
         try:
@@ -396,7 +389,7 @@ class FloatField(BaseField):
         return value
 
     def validate(self, value):
-        if isinstance(value, six.integer_types):
+        if isinstance(value, int):
             try:
                 value = float(value)
             except OverflowError:
@@ -415,7 +408,7 @@ class FloatField(BaseField):
         if value is None:
             return value
 
-        return super(FloatField, self).prepare_query_value(op, float(value))
+        return super().prepare_query_value(op, float(value))
 
 
 class DecimalField(BaseField):
@@ -462,7 +455,7 @@ class DecimalField(BaseField):
         self.precision = precision
         self.rounding = rounding
 
-        super(DecimalField, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
 
     def to_python(self, value):
         if value is None:
@@ -481,13 +474,13 @@ class DecimalField(BaseField):
         if value is None:
             return value
         if self.force_string:
-            return six.text_type(self.to_python(value))
+            return str(self.to_python(value))
         return float(self.to_python(value))
 
     def validate(self, value):
         if not isinstance(value, decimal.Decimal):
-            if not isinstance(value, six.string_types):
-                value = six.text_type(value)
+            if not isinstance(value, str):
+                value = str(value)
             try:
                 value = decimal.Decimal(value)
             except (TypeError, ValueError, decimal.InvalidOperation) as exc:
@@ -500,7 +493,7 @@ class DecimalField(BaseField):
             self.error("Decimal value is too large")
 
     def prepare_query_value(self, op, value):
-        return super(DecimalField, self).prepare_query_value(op, self.to_mongo(value))
+        return super().prepare_query_value(op, self.to_mongo(value))
 
 
 class BooleanField(BaseField):
@@ -540,7 +533,7 @@ class DateTimeField(BaseField):
     def validate(self, value):
         new_value = self.to_mongo(value)
         if not isinstance(new_value, (datetime.datetime, datetime.date)):
-            self.error(u'cannot parse date "%s"' % value)
+            self.error('cannot parse date "%s"' % value)
 
     def to_mongo(self, value):
         if value is None:
@@ -552,7 +545,7 @@ class DateTimeField(BaseField):
         if callable(value):
             return value()
 
-        if not isinstance(value, six.string_types):
+        if not isinstance(value, str):
             return None
 
         return self._parse_datetime(value)
@@ -597,19 +590,19 @@ class DateTimeField(BaseField):
                     return None
 
     def prepare_query_value(self, op, value):
-        return super(DateTimeField, self).prepare_query_value(op, self.to_mongo(value))
+        return super().prepare_query_value(op, self.to_mongo(value))
 
 
 class DateField(DateTimeField):
     def to_mongo(self, value):
-        value = super(DateField, self).to_mongo(value)
+        value = super().to_mongo(value)
         # drop hours, minutes, seconds
         if isinstance(value, datetime.datetime):
             value = datetime.datetime(value.year, value.month, value.day)
         return value
 
     def to_python(self, value):
-        value = super(DateField, self).to_python(value)
+        value = super().to_python(value)
         # convert datetime to date
         if isinstance(value, datetime.datetime):
             value = datetime.date(value.year, value.month, value.day)
@@ -643,7 +636,7 @@ class ComplexDateTimeField(StringField):
         """
         self.separator = separator
         self.format = separator.join(["%Y", "%m", "%d", "%H", "%M", "%S", "%f"])
-        super(ComplexDateTimeField, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
 
     def _convert_from_datetime(self, val):
         """
@@ -674,14 +667,14 @@ class ComplexDateTimeField(StringField):
         if instance is None:
             return self
 
-        data = super(ComplexDateTimeField, self).__get__(instance, owner)
+        data = super().__get__(instance, owner)
 
         if isinstance(data, datetime.datetime) or data is None:
             return data
         return self._convert_from_string(data)
 
     def __set__(self, instance, value):
-        super(ComplexDateTimeField, self).__set__(instance, value)
+        super().__set__(instance, value)
         value = instance._data[self.name]
         if value is not None:
             if isinstance(value, datetime.datetime):
@@ -706,9 +699,7 @@ class ComplexDateTimeField(StringField):
         return self._convert_from_datetime(value)
 
     def prepare_query_value(self, op, value):
-        return super(ComplexDateTimeField, self).prepare_query_value(
-            op, self._convert_from_datetime(value)
-        )
+        return super().prepare_query_value(op, self._convert_from_datetime(value))
 
 
 class EmbeddedDocumentField(BaseField):
@@ -719,7 +710,7 @@ class EmbeddedDocumentField(BaseField):
     def __init__(self, document_type, **kwargs):
         # XXX ValidationError raised outside of the "validate" method.
         if not (
-            isinstance(document_type, six.string_types)
+            isinstance(document_type, str)
             or issubclass(document_type, EmbeddedDocument)
         ):
             self.error(
@@ -728,11 +719,11 @@ class EmbeddedDocumentField(BaseField):
             )
 
         self.document_type_obj = document_type
-        super(EmbeddedDocumentField, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
 
     @property
     def document_type(self):
-        if isinstance(self.document_type_obj, six.string_types):
+        if isinstance(self.document_type_obj, str):
             if self.document_type_obj == RECURSIVE_REFERENCE_CONSTANT:
                 resolved_document_type = self.owner_document
             else:
@@ -789,7 +780,7 @@ class EmbeddedDocumentField(BaseField):
                     "Querying the embedded document '%s' failed, due to an invalid query value"
                     % (self.document_type._class_name,)
                 )
-        super(EmbeddedDocumentField, self).prepare_query_value(op, value)
+        super().prepare_query_value(op, value)
         return self.to_mongo(value)
 
 
@@ -805,9 +796,7 @@ class GenericEmbeddedDocumentField(BaseField):
     """
 
     def prepare_query_value(self, op, value):
-        return super(GenericEmbeddedDocumentField, self).prepare_query_value(
-            op, self.to_mongo(value)
-        )
+        return super().prepare_query_value(op, self.to_mongo(value))
 
     def to_python(self, value):
         if isinstance(value, dict):
@@ -858,7 +847,7 @@ class DynamicField(BaseField):
         """Convert a Python type to a MongoDB compatible type.
         """
 
-        if isinstance(value, six.string_types):
+        if isinstance(value, str):
             return value
 
         if hasattr(value, "to_mongo"):
@@ -880,12 +869,12 @@ class DynamicField(BaseField):
             value = {k: v for k, v in enumerate(value)}
 
         data = {}
-        for k, v in iteritems(value):
+        for k, v in value.items():
             data[k] = self.to_mongo(v, use_db_field, fields)
 
         value = data
         if is_list:  # Convert back to a list
-            value = [v for k, v in sorted(iteritems(data), key=itemgetter(0))]
+            value = [v for k, v in sorted(data.items(), key=itemgetter(0))]
         return value
 
     def to_python(self, value):
@@ -895,15 +884,15 @@ class DynamicField(BaseField):
                 value = doc_cls._get_db().dereference(value["_ref"])
             return doc_cls._from_son(value)
 
-        return super(DynamicField, self).to_python(value)
+        return super().to_python(value)
 
     def lookup_member(self, member_name):
         return member_name
 
     def prepare_query_value(self, op, value):
-        if isinstance(value, six.string_types):
+        if isinstance(value, str):
             return StringField().prepare_query_value(op, value)
-        return super(DynamicField, self).prepare_query_value(op, self.to_mongo(value))
+        return super().prepare_query_value(op, self.to_mongo(value))
 
     def validate(self, value, clean=True):
         if hasattr(value, "validate"):
@@ -924,7 +913,7 @@ class ListField(ComplexBaseField):
         self.field = field
         self.max_length = max_length
         kwargs.setdefault("default", lambda: [])
-        super(ListField, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
 
     def __get__(self, instance, owner):
         if instance is None:
@@ -938,7 +927,7 @@ class ListField(ComplexBaseField):
             and value
         ):
             instance._data[self.name] = [self.field.build_lazyref(x) for x in value]
-        return super(ListField, self).__get__(instance, owner)
+        return super().__get__(instance, owner)
 
     def validate(self, value):
         """Make sure that a list of valid fields is being used."""
@@ -952,7 +941,7 @@ class ListField(ComplexBaseField):
         if self.max_length is not None and len(value) > self.max_length:
             self.error("List is too long")
 
-        super(ListField, self).validate(value)
+        super().validate(value)
 
     def prepare_query_value(self, op, value):
         # Validate that the `set` operator doesn't contain more items than `max_length`.
@@ -966,14 +955,14 @@ class ListField(ComplexBaseField):
             if (
                 op in ("set", "unset", None)
                 and hasattr(value, "__iter__")
-                and not isinstance(value, six.string_types)
+                and not isinstance(value, str)
                 and not isinstance(value, BaseDocument)
             ):
                 return [self.field.prepare_query_value(op, v) for v in value]
 
             return self.field.prepare_query_value(op, value)
 
-        return super(ListField, self).prepare_query_value(op, value)
+        return super().prepare_query_value(op, value)
 
 
 class EmbeddedDocumentListField(ListField):
@@ -994,9 +983,7 @@ class EmbeddedDocumentListField(ListField):
         :param kwargs: Keyword arguments passed directly into the parent
          :class:`~mongoengine.ListField`.
         """
-        super(EmbeddedDocumentListField, self).__init__(
-            field=EmbeddedDocumentField(document_type), **kwargs
-        )
+        super().__init__(field=EmbeddedDocumentField(document_type), **kwargs)
 
 
 class SortedListField(ListField):
@@ -1022,10 +1009,10 @@ class SortedListField(ListField):
             self._ordering = kwargs.pop("ordering")
         if "reverse" in kwargs.keys():
             self._order_reverse = kwargs.pop("reverse")
-        super(SortedListField, self).__init__(field, **kwargs)
+        super().__init__(field, **kwargs)
 
     def to_mongo(self, value, use_db_field=True, fields=None):
-        value = super(SortedListField, self).to_mongo(value, use_db_field, fields)
+        value = super().to_mongo(value, use_db_field, fields)
         if self._ordering is not None:
             return sorted(
                 value, key=itemgetter(self._ordering), reverse=self._order_reverse
@@ -1038,9 +1025,7 @@ def key_not_string(d):
     dictionary is not a string.
     """
     for k, v in d.items():
-        if not isinstance(k, six.string_types) or (
-            isinstance(v, dict) and key_not_string(v)
-        ):
+        if not isinstance(k, str) or (isinstance(v, dict) and key_not_string(v)):
             return True
 
 
@@ -1080,7 +1065,7 @@ class DictField(ComplexBaseField):
         self._auto_dereference = False
 
         kwargs.setdefault("default", lambda: {})
-        super(DictField, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
     def validate(self, value):
         """Make sure that a list of valid fields is being used."""
@@ -1100,7 +1085,7 @@ class DictField(ComplexBaseField):
             self.error(
                 'Invalid dictionary key name - keys may not startswith "$" characters'
             )
-        super(DictField, self).validate(value)
+        super().validate(value)
 
     def lookup_member(self, member_name):
         return DictField(db_field=member_name)
@@ -1117,7 +1102,7 @@ class DictField(ComplexBaseField):
             "iexact",
         ]
 
-        if op in match_operators and isinstance(value, six.string_types):
+        if op in match_operators and isinstance(value, str):
             return StringField().prepare_query_value(op, value)
 
         if hasattr(
@@ -1129,7 +1114,7 @@ class DictField(ComplexBaseField):
                 }
             return self.field.prepare_query_value(op, value)
 
-        return super(DictField, self).prepare_query_value(op, value)
+        return super().prepare_query_value(op, value)
 
 
 class MapField(DictField):
@@ -1144,7 +1129,7 @@ class MapField(DictField):
         # XXX ValidationError raised outside of the "validate" method.
         if not isinstance(field, BaseField):
             self.error("Argument to MapField constructor must be a valid field")
-        super(MapField, self).__init__(field=field, *args, **kwargs)
+        super().__init__(field=field, *args, **kwargs)
 
 
 class ReferenceField(BaseField):
@@ -1204,7 +1189,7 @@ class ReferenceField(BaseField):
             :class:`~pymongo.dbref.DBRef`, regardless of the value of `dbref`.
         """
         # XXX ValidationError raised outside of the "validate" method.
-        if not isinstance(document_type, six.string_types) and not issubclass(
+        if not isinstance(document_type, str) and not issubclass(
             document_type, Document
         ):
             self.error(
@@ -1215,11 +1200,11 @@ class ReferenceField(BaseField):
         self.dbref = dbref
         self.document_type_obj = document_type
         self.reverse_delete_rule = reverse_delete_rule
-        super(ReferenceField, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
 
     @property
     def document_type(self):
-        if isinstance(self.document_type_obj, six.string_types):
+        if isinstance(self.document_type_obj, str):
             if self.document_type_obj == RECURSIVE_REFERENCE_CONSTANT:
                 self.document_type_obj = self.owner_document
             else:
@@ -1248,7 +1233,7 @@ class ReferenceField(BaseField):
             else:
                 instance._data[self.name] = cls._from_son(dereferenced)
 
-        return super(ReferenceField, self).__get__(instance, owner)
+        return super().__get__(instance, owner)
 
     def to_mongo(self, document):
         if isinstance(document, DBRef):
@@ -1299,7 +1284,7 @@ class ReferenceField(BaseField):
     def prepare_query_value(self, op, value):
         if value is None:
             return None
-        super(ReferenceField, self).prepare_query_value(op, value)
+        super().prepare_query_value(op, value)
         return self.to_mongo(value)
 
     def validate(self, value):
@@ -1335,7 +1320,7 @@ class CachedReferenceField(BaseField):
             fields = []
 
         # XXX ValidationError raised outside of the "validate" method.
-        if not isinstance(document_type, six.string_types) and not issubclass(
+        if not isinstance(document_type, str) and not issubclass(
             document_type, Document
         ):
             self.error(
@@ -1346,7 +1331,7 @@ class CachedReferenceField(BaseField):
         self.auto_sync = auto_sync
         self.document_type_obj = document_type
         self.fields = fields
-        super(CachedReferenceField, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
 
     def start_listener(self):
         from mongoengine import signals
@@ -1358,7 +1343,7 @@ class CachedReferenceField(BaseField):
             return None
 
         update_kwargs = {
-            "set__%s__%s" % (self.name, key): val
+            "set__{}__{}".format(self.name, key): val
             for key, val in document._delta()[0].items()
             if key in self.fields
         }
@@ -1380,7 +1365,7 @@ class CachedReferenceField(BaseField):
 
     @property
     def document_type(self):
-        if isinstance(self.document_type_obj, six.string_types):
+        if isinstance(self.document_type_obj, str):
             if self.document_type_obj == RECURSIVE_REFERENCE_CONSTANT:
                 self.document_type_obj = self.owner_document
             else:
@@ -1404,7 +1389,7 @@ class CachedReferenceField(BaseField):
             else:
                 instance._data[self.name] = self.document_type._from_son(dereferenced)
 
-        return super(CachedReferenceField, self).__get__(instance, owner)
+        return super().__get__(instance, owner)
 
     def to_mongo(self, document, use_db_field=True, fields=None):
         id_field_name = self.document_type._meta["id_field"]
@@ -1503,12 +1488,12 @@ class GenericReferenceField(BaseField):
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         choices = kwargs.pop("choices", None)
-        super(GenericReferenceField, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
         self.choices = []
         # Keep the choices as a list of allowed Document class names
         if choices:
             for choice in choices:
-                if isinstance(choice, six.string_types):
+                if isinstance(choice, str):
                     self.choices.append(choice)
                 elif isinstance(choice, type) and issubclass(choice, Document):
                     self.choices.append(choice._class_name)
@@ -1517,7 +1502,7 @@ class GenericReferenceField(BaseField):
                     # method.
                     self.error(
                         "Invalid choices provided: must be a list of"
-                        "Document subclasses and/or six.string_typess"
+                        "Document subclasses and/or str"
                     )
 
     def _validate_choices(self, value):
@@ -1527,7 +1512,7 @@ class GenericReferenceField(BaseField):
             value = value.get("_cls")
         elif isinstance(value, Document):
             value = value._class_name
-        super(GenericReferenceField, self)._validate_choices(value)
+        super()._validate_choices(value)
 
     def __get__(self, instance, owner):
         if instance is None:
@@ -1543,7 +1528,7 @@ class GenericReferenceField(BaseField):
             else:
                 instance._data[self.name] = dereferenced
 
-        return super(GenericReferenceField, self).__get__(instance, owner)
+        return super().__get__(instance, owner)
 
     def validate(self, value):
         if not isinstance(value, (Document, DBRef, dict, SON)):
@@ -1607,22 +1592,22 @@ class BinaryField(BaseField):
 
     def __init__(self, max_bytes=None, **kwargs):
         self.max_bytes = max_bytes
-        super(BinaryField, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
 
     def __set__(self, instance, value):
         """Handle bytearrays in python 3.1"""
-        if six.PY3 and isinstance(value, bytearray):
-            value = six.binary_type(value)
-        return super(BinaryField, self).__set__(instance, value)
+        if isinstance(value, bytearray):
+            value = bytes(value)
+        return super().__set__(instance, value)
 
     def to_mongo(self, value):
         return Binary(value)
 
     def validate(self, value):
-        if not isinstance(value, (six.binary_type, Binary)):
+        if not isinstance(value, (bytes, Binary)):
             self.error(
                 "BinaryField only accepts instances of "
-                "(%s, %s, Binary)" % (six.binary_type.__name__, Binary.__name__)
+                "(%s, %s, Binary)" % (bytes.__name__, Binary.__name__)
             )
 
         if self.max_bytes is not None and len(value) > self.max_bytes:
@@ -1631,14 +1616,14 @@ class BinaryField(BaseField):
     def prepare_query_value(self, op, value):
         if value is None:
             return value
-        return super(BinaryField, self).prepare_query_value(op, self.to_mongo(value))
+        return super().prepare_query_value(op, self.to_mongo(value))
 
 
 class GridFSError(Exception):
     pass
 
 
-class GridFSProxy(object):
+class GridFSProxy:
     """Proxy object to handle writing and reading of files to and from GridFS
 
     .. versionadded:: 0.4
@@ -1688,8 +1673,6 @@ class GridFSProxy(object):
     def __bool__(self):
         return bool(self.grid_id)
 
-    __nonzero__ = __bool__  # For Py2 support
-
     def __getstate__(self):
         self_dict = self.__dict__
         self_dict["_fs"] = None
@@ -1704,12 +1687,12 @@ class GridFSProxy(object):
         return self.__copy__()
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return "<%s: %s>" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.grid_id)
+        return "<{}: {}>".format(self.__class__.__name__, self.grid_id)
 
     def __str__(self):
         gridout = self.get()
         filename = getattr(gridout, "filename") if gridout else "<no file>"
-        return "<%s: %s (%s)>" % (self.__class__.__name__, filename, self.grid_id)
+        return "<{}: {} ({})>".format(self.__class__.__name__, filename, self.grid_id)
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
         if isinstance(other, GridFSProxy):
@@ -1820,7 +1803,7 @@ class FileField(BaseField):
     def __init__(
         self, db_alias=DEFAULT_CONNECTION_NAME, collection_name="fs", **kwargs
     ):
-        super(FileField, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
         self.collection_name = collection_name
         self.db_alias = db_alias
 
@@ -1843,7 +1826,7 @@ class FileField(BaseField):
         key = self.name
         if (
             hasattr(value, "read") and not isinstance(value, GridFSProxy)
-        ) or isinstance(value, (six.binary_type, six.string_types)):
+        ) or isinstance(value, (bytes, str)):
             # using "FileField() = file/string" notation
             grid_file = instance._data.get(self.name)
             # If a file already exists, delete it
@@ -1961,11 +1944,11 @@ class ImageGridFsProxy(GridFSProxy):
 
         w, h = img.size
 
-        io = StringIO()
+        io = BytesIO()
         img.save(io, img_format, progressive=progressive)
         io.seek(0)
 
-        return super(ImageGridFsProxy, self).put(
+        return super().put(
             io, width=w, height=h, format=img_format, thumbnail_id=thumb_id, **kwargs
         )
 
@@ -1975,12 +1958,12 @@ class ImageGridFsProxy(GridFSProxy):
         if out and out.thumbnail_id:
             self.fs.delete(out.thumbnail_id)
 
-        return super(ImageGridFsProxy, self).delete()
+        return super().delete()
 
     def _put_thumbnail(self, thumbnail, format, progressive, **kwargs):
         w, h = thumbnail.size
 
-        io = StringIO()
+        io = BytesIO()
         thumbnail.save(io, format, progressive=progressive)
         io.seek(0)
 
@@ -2050,16 +2033,11 @@ class ImageField(FileField):
         for att_name, att in extra_args.items():
             value = None
             if isinstance(att, (tuple, list)):
-                if six.PY3:
-                    value = dict(
-                        itertools.zip_longest(params_size, att, fillvalue=None)
-                    )
-                else:
-                    value = dict(map(None, params_size, att))
+                value = dict(itertools.zip_longest(params_size, att, fillvalue=None))
 
             setattr(self, att_name, value)
 
-        super(ImageField, self).__init__(collection_name=collection_name, **kwargs)
+        super().__init__(collection_name=collection_name, **kwargs)
 
 
 class SequenceField(BaseField):
@@ -2111,14 +2089,14 @@ class SequenceField(BaseField):
         self.value_decorator = (
             value_decorator if callable(value_decorator) else self.VALUE_DECORATOR
         )
-        super(SequenceField, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
     def generate(self):
         """
         Generate and Increment the counter
         """
         sequence_name = self.get_sequence_name()
-        sequence_id = "%s.%s" % (sequence_name, self.name)
+        sequence_id = "{}.{}".format(sequence_name, self.name)
         collection = get_db(alias=self.db_alias)[self.collection_name]
 
         counter = collection.find_one_and_update(
@@ -2132,7 +2110,7 @@ class SequenceField(BaseField):
     def set_next_value(self, value):
         """Helper method to set the next sequence value"""
         sequence_name = self.get_sequence_name()
-        sequence_id = "%s.%s" % (sequence_name, self.name)
+        sequence_id = "{}.{}".format(sequence_name, self.name)
         collection = get_db(alias=self.db_alias)[self.collection_name]
         counter = collection.find_one_and_update(
             filter={"_id": sequence_id},
@@ -2149,7 +2127,7 @@ class SequenceField(BaseField):
         as it is only fixed on set.
         """
         sequence_name = self.get_sequence_name()
-        sequence_id = "%s.%s" % (sequence_name, self.name)
+        sequence_id = "{}.{}".format(sequence_name, self.name)
         collection = get_db(alias=self.db_alias)[self.collection_name]
         data = collection.find_one({"_id": sequence_id})
 
@@ -2172,7 +2150,7 @@ class SequenceField(BaseField):
             )
 
     def __get__(self, instance, owner):
-        value = super(SequenceField, self).__get__(instance, owner)
+        value = super().__get__(instance, owner)
         if value is None and instance._initialised:
             value = self.generate()
             instance._data[self.name] = value
@@ -2185,7 +2163,7 @@ class SequenceField(BaseField):
         if value is None and instance._initialised:
             value = self.generate()
 
-        return super(SequenceField, self).__set__(instance, value)
+        return super().__set__(instance, value)
 
     def prepare_query_value(self, op, value):
         """
@@ -2219,14 +2197,14 @@ class UUIDField(BaseField):
         .. versionchanged:: 0.6.19
         """
         self._binary = binary
-        super(UUIDField, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
 
     def to_python(self, value):
         if not self._binary:
             original_value = value
             try:
-                if not isinstance(value, six.string_types):
-                    value = six.text_type(value)
+                if not isinstance(value, str):
+                    value = str(value)
                 return uuid.UUID(value)
             except (ValueError, TypeError, AttributeError):
                 return original_value
@@ -2234,8 +2212,8 @@ class UUIDField(BaseField):
 
     def to_mongo(self, value):
         if not self._binary:
-            return six.text_type(value)
-        elif isinstance(value, six.string_types):
+            return str(value)
+        elif isinstance(value, str):
             return uuid.UUID(value)
         return value
 
@@ -2246,7 +2224,7 @@ class UUIDField(BaseField):
 
     def validate(self, value):
         if not isinstance(value, uuid.UUID):
-            if not isinstance(value, six.string_types):
+            if not isinstance(value, str):
                 value = str(value)
             try:
                 uuid.UUID(value)
@@ -2445,7 +2423,7 @@ class LazyReferenceField(BaseField):
           document. Note this only work getting field (not setting or deleting).
         """
         # XXX ValidationError raised outside of the "validate" method.
-        if not isinstance(document_type, six.string_types) and not issubclass(
+        if not isinstance(document_type, str) and not issubclass(
             document_type, Document
         ):
             self.error(
@@ -2457,11 +2435,11 @@ class LazyReferenceField(BaseField):
         self.passthrough = passthrough
         self.document_type_obj = document_type
         self.reverse_delete_rule = reverse_delete_rule
-        super(LazyReferenceField, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
 
     @property
     def document_type(self):
-        if isinstance(self.document_type_obj, six.string_types):
+        if isinstance(self.document_type_obj, str):
             if self.document_type_obj == RECURSIVE_REFERENCE_CONSTANT:
                 self.document_type_obj = self.owner_document
             else:
@@ -2500,7 +2478,7 @@ class LazyReferenceField(BaseField):
         if value:
             instance._data[self.name] = value
 
-        return super(LazyReferenceField, self).__get__(instance, owner)
+        return super().__get__(instance, owner)
 
     def to_mongo(self, value):
         if isinstance(value, LazyReference):
@@ -2564,7 +2542,7 @@ class LazyReferenceField(BaseField):
     def prepare_query_value(self, op, value):
         if value is None:
             return None
-        super(LazyReferenceField, self).prepare_query_value(op, value)
+        super().prepare_query_value(op, value)
         return self.to_mongo(value)
 
     def lookup_member(self, member_name):
@@ -2591,12 +2569,12 @@ class GenericLazyReferenceField(GenericReferenceField):
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         self.passthrough = kwargs.pop("passthrough", False)
-        super(GenericLazyReferenceField, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
     def _validate_choices(self, value):
         if isinstance(value, LazyReference):
             value = value.document_type._class_name
-        super(GenericLazyReferenceField, self)._validate_choices(value)
+        super()._validate_choices(value)
 
     def build_lazyref(self, value):
         if isinstance(value, LazyReference):
@@ -2625,7 +2603,7 @@ class GenericLazyReferenceField(GenericReferenceField):
         if value:
             instance._data[self.name] = value
 
-        return super(GenericLazyReferenceField, self).__get__(instance, owner)
+        return super().__get__(instance, owner)
 
     def validate(self, value):
         if isinstance(value, LazyReference) and value.pk is None:
@@ -2633,7 +2611,7 @@ class GenericLazyReferenceField(GenericReferenceField):
                 "You can only reference documents once they have been"
                 " saved to the database"
             )
-        return super(GenericLazyReferenceField, self).validate(value)
+        return super().validate(value)
 
     def to_mongo(self, document):
         if document is None:
@@ -2652,4 +2630,4 @@ class GenericLazyReferenceField(GenericReferenceField):
                 )
             )
         else:
-            return super(GenericLazyReferenceField, self).to_mongo(document)
+            return super().to_mongo(document)

mongoengine/python_support.py

@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-"""
-Helper functions, constants, and types to aid with Python v2.7 - v3.x support
-"""
-import six
-
-# six.BytesIO resolves to StringIO.StringIO in Py2 and io.BytesIO in Py3.
-StringIO = six.BytesIO
-
-# Additionally for Py2, try to use the faster cStringIO, if available
-if not six.PY3:
-    try:
-        import cStringIO
-    except ImportError:
-        pass
-    else:
-        StringIO = cStringIO.StringIO
-
-
-if six.PY3:
-    from collections.abc import Hashable
-else:
-    # raises DeprecationWarnings in Python >=3.7
-    from collections import Hashable

mongoengine/queryset/base.py

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-
 import copy
 import itertools
 import re
@@ -11,8 +9,6 @@ import pymongo
 import pymongo.errors
 from pymongo.collection import ReturnDocument
 from pymongo.common import validate_read_preference
-import six
-from six import iteritems
 
 from mongoengine import signals
 from mongoengine.base import get_document
@@ -41,7 +37,7 @@ DENY = 3
 PULL = 4
 
 
-class BaseQuerySet(object):
+class BaseQuerySet:
     """A set of results returned from a query. Wraps a MongoDB cursor,
     providing :class:`~mongoengine.Document` objects as the results.
     """
@@ -203,8 +199,6 @@ class BaseQuerySet(object):
         """Avoid to open all records in an if stmt in Py3."""
         return self._has_data()
 
-    __nonzero__ = __bool__  # For Py2 support
-
     # Core functions
 
     def all(self):
@@ -255,21 +249,20 @@ class BaseQuerySet(object):
         queryset = queryset.filter(*q_objs, **query)
 
         try:
-            result = six.next(queryset)
+            result = next(queryset)
         except StopIteration:
             msg = "%s matching query does not exist." % queryset._document._class_name
             raise queryset._document.DoesNotExist(msg)
 
         try:
             # Check if there is another match
-            six.next(queryset)
+            next(queryset)
         except StopIteration:
             return result
 
-        # If we were able to retrieve the 2nd doc, rewind the cursor and
-        # raise the MultipleObjectsReturned exception.
+        # If we were able to retrieve the 2nd doc, raise the MultipleObjectsReturned exception.
         raise queryset._document.MultipleObjectsReturned(
-            u"2 or more items returned, instead of 1"
+            "2 or more items returned, instead of 1"
         )
 
     def create(self, **kwargs):
@@ -354,20 +347,20 @@ class BaseQuerySet(object):
             )
         except pymongo.errors.DuplicateKeyError as err:
             message = "Could not save document (%s)"
-            raise NotUniqueError(message % six.text_type(err))
+            raise NotUniqueError(message % err)
         except pymongo.errors.BulkWriteError as err:
             # inserting documents that already have an _id field will
             # give huge performance debt or raise
-            message = u"Bulk write error: (%s)"
-            raise BulkWriteError(message % six.text_type(err.details))
+            message = "Bulk write error: (%s)"
+            raise BulkWriteError(message % err.details)
         except pymongo.errors.OperationFailure as err:
             message = "Could not save document (%s)"
-            if re.match("^E1100[01] duplicate key", six.text_type(err)):
+            if re.match("^E1100[01] duplicate key", str(err)):
                 # E11000 - duplicate key error index
                 # E11001 - duplicate key on update
-                message = u"Tried to save duplicate unique keys (%s)"
-                raise NotUniqueError(message % six.text_type(err))
-            raise OperationError(message % six.text_type(err))
+                message = "Tried to save duplicate unique keys (%s)"
+                raise NotUniqueError(message % err)
+            raise OperationError(message % err)
 
         # Apply inserted_ids to documents
         for doc, doc_id in zip(docs, ids):
@@ -539,12 +532,12 @@ class BaseQuerySet(object):
             elif result.raw_result:
                 return result.raw_result["n"]
         except pymongo.errors.DuplicateKeyError as err:
-            raise NotUniqueError(u"Update failed (%s)" % six.text_type(err))
+            raise NotUniqueError("Update failed (%s)" % err)
         except pymongo.errors.OperationFailure as err:
-            if six.text_type(err) == u"multi not coded yet":
-                message = u"update() method requires MongoDB 1.1.3+"
+            if str(err) == "multi not coded yet":
+                message = "update() method requires MongoDB 1.1.3+"
                 raise OperationError(message)
-            raise OperationError(u"Update failed (%s)" % six.text_type(err))
+            raise OperationError("Update failed (%s)" % err)
 
     def upsert_one(self, write_concern=None, **update):
         """Overwrite or add the first document matched by the query.
@@ -662,9 +655,9 @@ class BaseQuerySet(object):
                     **self._cursor_args
                 )
         except pymongo.errors.DuplicateKeyError as err:
-            raise NotUniqueError(u"Update failed (%s)" % err)
+            raise NotUniqueError("Update failed (%s)" % err)
         except pymongo.errors.OperationFailure as err:
-            raise OperationError(u"Update failed (%s)" % err)
+            raise OperationError("Update failed (%s)" % err)
 
         if full_response:
             if result["value"] is not None:
@@ -693,7 +686,7 @@ class BaseQuerySet(object):
         return queryset.filter(pk=object_id).first()
 
     def in_bulk(self, object_ids):
-        """Retrieve a set of documents by their ids.
+        """"Retrieve a set of documents by their ids.
 
         :param object_ids: a list or tuple of ObjectId's
         :rtype: dict of ObjectId's as keys and collection-specific
@@ -989,7 +982,7 @@ class BaseQuerySet(object):
         .. versionchanged:: 0.5 - Added subfield support
         """
         fields = {f: QueryFieldList.ONLY for f in fields}
-        self.only_fields = fields.keys()
+        self.only_fields = list(fields.keys())
         return self.fields(True, **fields)
 
     def exclude(self, *fields):
@@ -1340,13 +1333,13 @@ class BaseQuerySet(object):
         map_f_scope = {}
         if isinstance(map_f, Code):
             map_f_scope = map_f.scope
-            map_f = six.text_type(map_f)
+            map_f = str(map_f)
         map_f = Code(queryset._sub_js_fields(map_f), map_f_scope)
 
         reduce_f_scope = {}
         if isinstance(reduce_f, Code):
             reduce_f_scope = reduce_f.scope
-            reduce_f = six.text_type(reduce_f)
+            reduce_f = str(reduce_f)
         reduce_f_code = queryset._sub_js_fields(reduce_f)
         reduce_f = Code(reduce_f_code, reduce_f_scope)
 
@@ -1356,7 +1349,7 @@ class BaseQuerySet(object):
             finalize_f_scope = {}
             if isinstance(finalize_f, Code):
                 finalize_f_scope = finalize_f.scope
-                finalize_f = six.text_type(finalize_f)
+                finalize_f = str(finalize_f)
             finalize_f_code = queryset._sub_js_fields(finalize_f)
             finalize_f = Code(finalize_f_code, finalize_f_scope)
             mr_args["finalize"] = finalize_f
@@ -1372,7 +1365,7 @@ class BaseQuerySet(object):
         else:
             map_reduce_function = "map_reduce"
 
-            if isinstance(output, six.string_types):
+            if isinstance(output, str):
                 mr_args["out"] = output
 
             elif isinstance(output, dict):
@@ -1559,7 +1552,7 @@ class BaseQuerySet(object):
         if self._limit == 0 or self._none:
             raise StopIteration
 
-        raw_doc = six.next(self._cursor)
+        raw_doc = next(self._cursor)
 
         if self._as_pymongo:
             return raw_doc
@@ -1804,13 +1797,13 @@ class BaseQuerySet(object):
             }
         """
         total, data, types = self.exec_js(freq_func, field)
-        values = {types.get(k): int(v) for k, v in iteritems(data)}
+        values = {types.get(k): int(v) for k, v in data.items()}
 
         if normalize:
             values = {k: float(v) / total for k, v in values.items()}
 
         frequencies = {}
-        for k, v in iteritems(values):
+        for k, v in values.items():
             if isinstance(k, float):
                 if int(k) == k:
                     k = int(k)
@@ -1830,7 +1823,7 @@ class BaseQuerySet(object):
             field_parts = field.split(".")
             try:
                 field = ".".join(
-                    f if isinstance(f, six.string_types) else f.db_field
+                    f if isinstance(f, str) else f.db_field
                     for f in self._document._lookup_field(field_parts)
                 )
                 db_field_paths.append(field)
@@ -1842,7 +1835,7 @@ class BaseQuerySet(object):
                 for subdoc in subclasses:
                     try:
                         subfield = ".".join(
-                            f if isinstance(f, six.string_types) else f.db_field
+                            f if isinstance(f, str) else f.db_field
                             for f in subdoc._lookup_field(field_parts)
                         )
                         db_field_paths.append(subfield)
@@ -1916,7 +1909,7 @@ class BaseQuerySet(object):
             field_name = match.group(1).split(".")
             fields = self._document._lookup_field(field_name)
             # Substitute the correct name for the field into the javascript
-            return u'["%s"]' % fields[-1].db_field
+            return '["%s"]' % fields[-1].db_field
 
         def field_path_sub(match):
             # Extract just the field name, and look up the field objects

mongoengine/queryset/field_list.py

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 __all__ = ("QueryFieldList",)
 
 
-class QueryFieldList(object):
+class QueryFieldList:
     """Object that handles combinations of .only() and .exclude() calls"""
 
     ONLY = 1
@@ -69,8 +69,6 @@ class QueryFieldList(object):
     def __bool__(self):
         return bool(self.fields)
 
-    __nonzero__ = __bool__  # For Py2 support
-
     def as_dict(self):
         field_list = {field: self.value for field in self.fields}
         if self.slice:
@@ -80,7 +78,7 @@ class QueryFieldList(object):
         return field_list
 
     def reset(self):
-        self.fields = set([])
+        self.fields = set()
         self.slice = {}
         self.value = self.ONLY
 

mongoengine/queryset/manager.py

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ from mongoengine.queryset.queryset import QuerySet
 __all__ = ("queryset_manager", "QuerySetManager")
 
 
-class QuerySetManager(object):
+class QuerySetManager:
     """
     The default QuerySet Manager.
 

mongoengine/queryset/queryset.py

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-import six
-
 from mongoengine.errors import OperationError
 from mongoengine.queryset.base import (
     BaseQuerySet,
@@ -127,8 +125,8 @@ class QuerySet(BaseQuerySet):
         # Pull in ITER_CHUNK_SIZE docs from the database and store them in
         # the result cache.
         try:
-            for _ in six.moves.range(ITER_CHUNK_SIZE):
-                self._result_cache.append(six.next(self))
+            for _ in range(ITER_CHUNK_SIZE):
+                self._result_cache.append(next(self))
         except StopIteration:
             # Getting this exception means there are no more docs in the
             # db cursor. Set _has_more to False so that we can use that
@@ -143,10 +141,10 @@ class QuerySet(BaseQuerySet):
             getting the count
         """
         if with_limit_and_skip is False:
-            return super(QuerySet, self).count(with_limit_and_skip)
+            return super().count(with_limit_and_skip)
 
         if self._len is None:
-            self._len = super(QuerySet, self).count(with_limit_and_skip)
+            self._len = super().count(with_limit_and_skip)
 
         return self._len
 
@@ -180,9 +178,9 @@ class QuerySetNoCache(BaseQuerySet):
             return ".. queryset mid-iteration .."
 
         data = []
-        for _ in six.moves.range(REPR_OUTPUT_SIZE + 1):
+        for _ in range(REPR_OUTPUT_SIZE + 1):
             try:
-                data.append(six.next(self))
+                data.append(next(self))
             except StopIteration:
                 break
 

mongoengine/queryset/transform.py

@@ -3,14 +3,12 @@ from collections import defaultdict
 from bson import ObjectId, SON
 from bson.dbref import DBRef
 import pymongo
-import six
-from six import iteritems
 
 from mongoengine.base import UPDATE_OPERATORS
 from mongoengine.common import _import_class
 from mongoengine.errors import InvalidQueryError
 
-__all__ = ("query", "update")
+__all__ = ("query", "update", "STRING_OPERATORS")
 
 COMPARISON_OPERATORS = (
     "ne",
@@ -101,7 +99,7 @@ def query(_doc_cls=None, **kwargs):
             cleaned_fields = []
             for field in fields:
                 append_field = True
-                if isinstance(field, six.string_types):
+                if isinstance(field, str):
                     parts.append(field)
                     append_field = False
                 # is last and CachedReferenceField
@@ -180,7 +178,7 @@ def query(_doc_cls=None, **kwargs):
                     "$near" in value_dict or "$nearSphere" in value_dict
                 ):
                     value_son = SON()
-                    for k, v in iteritems(value_dict):
+                    for k, v in value_dict.items():
                         if k == "$maxDistance" or k == "$minDistance":
                             continue
                         value_son[k] = v
@@ -281,7 +279,7 @@ def update(_doc_cls=None, **update):
             appended_sub_field = False
             for field in fields:
                 append_field = True
-                if isinstance(field, six.string_types):
+                if isinstance(field, str):
                     # Convert the S operator to $
                     if field == "S":
                         field = "$"
@@ -435,7 +433,9 @@ def _geo_operator(field, op, value):
             value = {"$near": _infer_geometry(value)}
         else:
             raise NotImplementedError(
-                'Geo method "%s" has not been implemented for a %s ' % (op, field._name)
+                'Geo method "{}" has not been implemented for a {} '.format(
+                    op, field._name
+                )
             )
     return value
 

mongoengine/queryset/visitor.py

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ from mongoengine.queryset import transform
 __all__ = ("Q", "QNode")
 
 
-class QNodeVisitor(object):
+class QNodeVisitor:
     """Base visitor class for visiting Q-object nodes in a query tree.
     """
 
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ class QueryCompilerVisitor(QNodeVisitor):
         return transform.query(self.document, **query.query)
 
 
-class QNode(object):
+class QNode:
     """Base class for nodes in query trees."""
 
     AND = 0
@@ -143,8 +143,6 @@ class QCombination(QNode):
     def __bool__(self):
         return bool(self.children)
 
-    __nonzero__ = __bool__  # For Py2 support
-
     def accept(self, visitor):
         for i in range(len(self.children)):
             if isinstance(self.children[i], QNode):
@@ -180,8 +178,6 @@ class Q(QNode):
     def __bool__(self):
         return bool(self.query)
 
-    __nonzero__ = __bool__  # For Py2 support
-
     def __eq__(self, other):
         return self.__class__ == other.__class__ and self.query == other.query
 

mongoengine/signals.py

@@ -15,11 +15,11 @@ try:
     signals_available = True
 except ImportError:
 
-    class Namespace(object):
+    class Namespace:
         def signal(self, name, doc=None):
             return _FakeSignal(name, doc)
 
-    class _FakeSignal(object):
+    class _FakeSignal:
         """If blinker is unavailable, create a fake class with the same
         interface that allows sending of signals but will fail with an
         error on anything else.  Instead of doing anything on send, it