mongoengine/docs/guide/migration.rst

===================
Documents migration
===================

The structure of your documents and their associated mongoengine schemas are likely
to change over the lifetime of an application. This section provides guidance and
recommendations on how to deal with migrations.

Due to the very flexible nature of mongodb, migrations of models aren't trivial and
for people that know about `alembic` for `sqlalchemy`, there is unfortunately no equivalent
library that will manage the migration in an automatic fashion for mongoengine.

Example 1: Addition of a field
==============================

Let's start by taking a simple example of a model change and review the different option you
have to deal with the migration.

Let's assume we start with the following schema and save an instance:

.. code-block:: python

    class User(Document):
        name = StringField()

    User(name="John Doe").save()

    # print the objects as they exist in mongodb
    print(User.objects().as_pymongo())    # [{u'_id': ObjectId('5d06b9c3d7c1f18db3e7c874'), u'name': u'John Doe'}]

On the next version of your application, let's now assume that a new field `enabled` gets added to the
existing ``User`` model with a `default=True`. Thus you simply update the ``User`` class to the following:

.. code-block:: python

    class User(Document):
        name = StringField(required=True)
        enabled = BooleaField(default=True)

Without applying any migration, we now reload an object from the database into the ``User`` class
and checks its `enabled` attribute:

.. code-block:: python

    assert User.objects.count() == 1
    user = User.objects().first()
    assert user.enabled is True
    assert User.objects(enabled=True).count() == 0    # uh?
    assert User.objects(enabled=False).count() == 0   # uh?

    # this is consistent with what we have in the database
    # in fact, 'enabled' does not exist
    print(User.objects().as_pymongo().first())    # {u'_id': ObjectId('5d06b9c3d7c1f18db3e7c874'), u'name': u'John'}
    assert User.objects(enabled=None).count() == 1

As you can see, even if the document wasn't updated, mongoengine applies the default value seamlessly when it
loads the pymongo dict into a ``User`` instance. At first sight it looks like you don't need to migrate the
existing documents when adding new fields but this actually leads to inconsistencies when it comes to querying.

In fact, when querying, mongoengine isn't trying to account for the default value of the new field and so
if you don't actually migrate the existing documents, you are taking a risk that querying/updating
will be missing relevant record.

When adding fields/modifying default values, you can use any of the following to do the migration
as a standalone script:

.. code-block:: python

    # Use mongoengine to set a default value for a given field
    User.objects().update(enabled=True)
    # or use pymongo
    user_coll = User._get_collection()
    user_coll.update_many({}, {'$set': {'enabled': True}})


Example 2: Inheritance change
=============================

Let's consider the following example:

.. code-block:: python

    class Human(Document):
        name = StringField()
        meta = {"allow_inheritance": True}

    class Jedi(Human):
        dark_side = BooleanField()
        light_saber_color = StringField()

    Jedi(name="Darth Vader", dark_side=True, light_saber_color="red").save()
    Jedi(name="Obi Wan Kenobi", dark_side=False, light_saber_color="blue").save()

    assert Human.objects.count() == 2
    assert Jedi.objects.count() == 2

    # Let's check how these documents got stored in mongodb
    print(Jedi.objects.as_pymongo())
    # [
    #   {'_id': ObjectId('5fac4aaaf61d7fb06046e0f9'), '_cls': 'Human.Jedi', 'name': 'Darth Vader', 'dark_side': True, 'light_saber_color': 'red'},
    #   {'_id': ObjectId('5fac4ac4f61d7fb06046e0fa'), '_cls': 'Human.Jedi', 'name': 'Obi Wan Kenobi', 'dark_side': False, 'light_saber_color': 'blue'}
    # ]

As you can observe, when you use inheritance, MongoEngine stores a field named '_cls' behind the scene to keep
track of the Document class.

Let's now take the scenario that you want to refactor the inheritance schema and:
- Have the Jedi's with dark_side=True/False become GoodJedi's/DarkSith
- get rid of the 'dark_side' field

move to the following schemas:

.. code-block:: python

    # unchanged
    class Human(Document):
        name = StringField()
        meta = {"allow_inheritance": True}

    # attribute 'dark_side' removed
    class GoodJedi(Human):
        light_saber_color = StringField()

    # new class
    class BadSith(Human):
        light_saber_color = StringField()

MongoEngine doesn't know about the change or how to map them with the existing data
so if you don't apply any migration, you will observe a strange behavior, as if the collection was suddenly
empty.

.. code-block:: python

    # As a reminder, the documents that we inserted
    # have the _cls field = 'Human.Jedi'

    # Following has no match
    # because the query that is used behind the scene is
    # filtering on {'_cls': 'Human.GoodJedi'}
    assert GoodJedi.objects().count() == 0

    # Following has also no match
    # because it is filtering on {'_cls': {'$in': ('Human', 'Human.GoodJedi', 'Human.BadSith')}}
    # which has no match
    assert Human.objects.count() == 0
    assert Human.objects.first() is None

    # If we bypass MongoEngine and make use of underlying driver (PyMongo)
    # we can see that the documents are there
    humans_coll = Human._get_collection()
    assert humans_coll.count_documents({}) == 2
    # print first document
    print(humans_coll.find_one())
    # {'_id': ObjectId('5fac4aaaf61d7fb06046e0f9'), '_cls': 'Human.Jedi', 'name': 'Darth Vader', 'dark_side': True, 'light_saber_color': 'red'}

As you can see, first obvious problem is that we need to modify '_cls' values based on existing values of
'dark_side' documents.

.. code-block:: python

    humans_coll = Human._get_collection()
    old_class = 'Human.Jedi'
    good_jedi_class = 'Human.GoodJedi'
    bad_sith_class = 'Human.BadSith'
    humans_coll.update_many({'_cls': old_class, 'dark_side': False}, {'$set': {'_cls': good_jedi_class}})
    humans_coll.update_many({'_cls': old_class, 'dark_side': True}, {'$set': {'_cls': bad_sith_class}})

Let's now check if querying improved in MongoEngine:

.. code-block:: python

    assert GoodJedi.objects().count() == 1  # Hoorah!
    assert BadSith.objects().count() == 1   # Hoorah!
    assert Human.objects.count() == 2       # Hoorah!

    # let's now check that documents load correctly
    jedi = GoodJedi.objects().first()
    # raises FieldDoesNotExist: The fields "{'dark_side'}" do not exist on the document "Human.GoodJedi"

In fact we only took care of renaming the _cls values but we havn't removed the 'dark_side' fields
which does not exist anymore on the GoodJedi's and BadSith's models.
Let's remove the field from the collections:

.. code-block:: python

    humans_coll = Human._get_collection()
    humans_coll.update_many({}, {'$unset': {'dark_side': 1}})

.. note:: We did this migration in 2 different steps for the sake of example but it could have been combined
    with the migration of the _cls fields: ::

        humans_coll.update_many(
            {'_cls': old_class, 'dark_side': False},
            {
                '$set': {'_cls': good_jedi_class},
                '$unset': {'dark_side': 1}
            }
        )


And verify that the documents now load correctly:

.. code-block:: python

    jedi = GoodJedi.objects().first()
    assert jedi.name == "Obi Wan Kenobi"

    sith = BadSith.objects().first()
    assert sith.name == "Darth Vader"


An other way of dealing with this migration is to iterate over
the documents and update/replace them one by one. This is way slower but
it is often useful for complex migrations of Document models.

.. code-block:: python

    for doc in humans_coll.find():
        if doc['_cls'] == 'Human.Jedi':
            doc['_cls'] =  'Human.BadSith' if doc['dark_side'] else 'Human.GoodJedi'
            doc.pop('dark_side')
            humans_coll.replace_one({'_id': doc['_id']}, doc)

.. warning:: Be aware of this `flaw <https://groups.google.com/g/mongodb-user/c/AFC1ia7MHzk>`_ if you modify documents while iterating

Recommendations
===============

- Write migration scripts whenever you do changes to the model schemas
- Using :class:`~mongoengine.DynamicDocument` or ``meta = {"strict": False}`` may help to avoid some migrations or to have the 2 versions of your application to co-exist.
- Write post-processing checks to verify that migrations script worked. See below

Post-processing checks
======================

The following recipe can be used to sanity check a Document collection after you applied migration.
It does not make any assumption on what was migrated, it will fetch 1000 objects randomly and
run some quick checks on the documents to make sure the document looks OK. As it is, it will fail
on the first occurrence of an error but this is something that can be adapted based on your needs.

.. code-block:: python

    def get_random_oids(collection, sample_size):
        pipeline = [{"$project": {'_id': 1}}, {"$sample": {"size": sample_size}}]
        return [s['_id'] for s in collection.aggregate(pipeline)]

    def get_random_documents(DocCls, sample_size):
        doc_collection = DocCls._get_collection()
        random_oids = get_random_oids(doc_collection, sample_size)
        return DocCls.objects(id__in=random_oids)

    def check_documents(DocCls, sample_size):
        for doc in get_random_documents(DocCls, sample_size):
            # general validation (types and values)
            doc.validate()

            # load all subfields,
            # this may trigger additional queries if you have ReferenceFields
            # so it may be slow
            for field in doc._fields:
                try:
                    getattr(doc, field)
                except Exception:
                    LOG.warning(f"Could not load field {field} in Document {doc.id}")
                    raise

    check_documents(Human, sample_size=1000)